Cyclic GMP-binding, cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase materials and methods

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel purified and isolated nucleotide sequences encoding the cGMP-binding, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase designated cGB-PDE. Also provided by the invention are methods and materials for the recombinant production of cGB-PDE polypeptide products and methods for identifying compounds which modulate the enzymatic activity of cGB-PDE polypeptides.

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/068,051 filed May 27, 1993.

[0002] Experimental work described herein was supported in part by Research Grants GM15731, DK21723, DK40029 and GM41269 and the Medical Scientist Training Program Grant GM07347 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The United States government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates generally to a cyclic guanosine monophosphate-binding, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase designated cGB-PDE and more particularly to novel purified and isolated polynucleotides encoding cGB-PDE polypeptides, to methods and materials for recombinant production of cGB-PDE polypeptides, and to methods for identifying modulators of cGB-PDE activity.

BACKGROUND

[0004] Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that catalyze the hydrolysis of 3′5′ cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to the corresponding nucleoside 5′ monophosphates constitute a complex family of enzymes. By mediating the intracellular concentration of the cyclic nucleotides, the PDE isoenzymes function in signal transduction pathways involving cyclic nucleotide second messengers.

[0005] A variety of PDEs have been isolated from different tissue sources and many of the PDEs characterized to date exhibit differences in biological properties including physicochemical properties, substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors, immunological reactivity and mode of regulation. [See Beavo et al., Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Structure, Regulation and Drug Action, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K. (1990)] Comparison of the known amino acid sequences of various PDEs indicates that most PDEs are chimeric multidomain proteins that have distinct catalytic and regulatory domains. [See Charbonneau, pp. 267-296 in Beavo et al., supra] All mammalian PDEs characterized to date share a sequence of approximately 250 amino acid residues in length that appears to comprise the catalytic site and is located in the carboxyl terminal region of the enzyme. PDE domains that interact with allosteric or regulatory molecules are thought to be located within the amino-terminal regions of the isoenzymes. Based on their biological properties, the PDEs may be classified into six general families: the Ca²⁺/calmodulin-stimulated PDEs (Type I), the cGMP-stimulated PDEs (Type II), the cGMP-inhibited PDEs (Type III), the cAMP-specfic PDEs (Type IV), the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase cGB-PDE (Type V) which is the subject of the present invention and the cGMP-specific photoreceptor PDEs (Type VI).

[0006] The cGMP-binding PDEs (Type II, Type V and Type VI PDEs), in addition to having a homologous catalytic domain near their carboxyl terminus, have a second conserved sequence which is located closer to their amino terminus and which may comprise an allosteric cGMP-binding domain. See Charbonneau et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 288-292 (1990).

[0007] The Type II cGMP-stimulated PDEs (cGs-PDEs) are widely distributed in different tissue types and are thought to exist as homodimers of 100-105 kDa subunits. The cGs-PDEs respond under physiological conditions to elevated cGMP concentrations by increasing the rate of cAMP hydrolysis. The amino acid sequence of a bovine heart cGs-PDE and a partial cDNA sequence of a bovine adrenal cortex cGS-PDE are reported in LeTrong et al., Biochemistry, 29: 10280-10288 (1990) and full length bovine adrenal and human fetal brain cGB-PDE cDNA sequences are described in Patent Cooperation Treaty International Publication No. WO 92/18541 published on Oct. 29, 1992. The full length bovine adrenal cDNA sequence is also described in Sonnenburg et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266: 17655-17661 (1991).

[0008] The photoreceptor PDEs and the cGB-PDE have been described as cGMP-specific PDEs because they exhibit a 50-fold or greater selectivity for hydrolyzing cGMP over cAMP.

[0009] The photoreceptor PDEs are the rod outer segment PDE (ROS-PDE) and the cone PDE (COS-PDE). The holoenzyme structure of the ROS-PDE consists of two large subunits α (88 kDa) and β (84 kDa) which are both catalytically active and two smaller γ regulatory subunits (both 11 kDa). A soluble form of the ROS-PDE has also been identified which includes α, β, and γ subunits and a δ subunit (15 kDa) that appears to be identical to the COS-PDE 15 kDa subunit. A full-length cDNA corresponding to the bovine membrane-associated ROS-PDE α subunit is described in Ovchinnikov et al., FEBS Lett., 223: 169-173 (1987) and a full length cDNA corresponding to the bovine rod outer segment PDE β subunit is described in Lipkin et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265: 12955-12959 (1990). Ovchinnikov et al., FEBS Lett., 204: 169-173 (1986) presents a full-length cDNA corresponding to the bovine ROS-PDE γ subunit and the amino acid sequence of the δ subunit. Expression of the ROS-PDE has also been reported in brain in Collins et al., Genomics, 13: 698-704 (1992). The COS-PDE is composed of two identical α′ (94 kDa) subunits and three smaller subunits of 11 kDa, 13 kDa and 15 kDa. A full-length cDNA corresponding to the bovine COS-PDE α′ subunit is reported in Li et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 293-297 (1990).

[0010] cGB-PDE has been purified to homogeneity from rat [Francis et al., Methods Enzymol., 159: 722-729 (1988)] and bovine lung tissue [Thomas et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14964-14970 (1990), hereinafter “Thomas I”]. The presence of this or similar enzymes has been reported in a variety of tissues and species including rat and human platelets [Hamet et al., Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphorylation Res., 16: 119-136 (1984)], rat spleen [Coquil et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 127: 226-231 (1985)], guinea pig lung [Davis et al., J. Biol. Chem., 252: 4078-4084 (1977)], vascular smooth muscle [Coquil et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 631: 148-165 (1980)], and sea urchin sperm [Francis et al., J. Biol. Chem., 255: 620-626 (1979)]. cGB-PDE may be a homodimer comprised of two 93 kDa subunits. [See Thomas I, supra] cGB-PDE has been shown to contain a single site not found in other known cGMP-binding PDEs which is phosphorylated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) and, with a lower affinity, by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK). [See Thomas et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265: 14971-14978 (1990), hereinafter “Thomas II”] The primary amino acid sequence of the phosphorylation site and of the amino-terminal end of a fragment generated by chymotryptic digestion of cGB-PDE are described in Thomas II, supra, and Thomas I supra, respectively. However, the majority of the amino acid sequence of cGB-PDE has not previously been described.

[0011] Various inhibitors of different types of PDEs have been described in the literature. Two inhibitors that exhibit some specificity for Type V PDEs are zaprinast and dipyridamole. See Francis et al., pp. 117-140 in Beavo et al., supra.

[0012] Elucidation of the DNA and amino acid sequences encoding the cGB-PDE and production of cGB-PDE polypeptide by recombinant methods would provide information and material to allow the identification of novel agents that selectively modulate the activity of the cGB-PDEs. The recognition that there are distinct types or families of PDE isoenzymes and that different tissues express different complements of PDEs has led to an interest in the development of PDE modulators which may have therapeutic indications for disease states that involve signal transduction pathways utilizing cyclic nucleotides as second messengers. Various selective and non-selective inhibitors of PDE activity are discussed in Murray et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans., 20(2): 460-464 (1992). Development of PDE modulators without the ability to produce a specific PDE by recombinant DNA techniques is difficult because all PDEs catalyze the same basic reaction, have overlapping substrate specificities and occur only in trace amounts. As a result, purification to homogeneity of many PDEs is a tedious and difficult process.

[0013] There thus continues to exist a need in the art for DNA and amino acid sequence information for the cGB-PDE, for methods and materials for the recombinant production of cGB-PDE polypeptides and for methods for identifying specific modulators of cGB-PDE activity.

SUMMARY OF TH INVENTION

[0014] The present invention provides novel purified and isolated polynucleotides (e.g., DNA sequences and RNA transcripts, both sense and antisense strands, including splice variants thereof) encoding the cGMP-binding, cGMP-specific PDE designated cGB-PDE. Preferred DNA sequences of the invention include genomic and cDNA sequences as well as wholly or partially chemically synthesized DNA sequences. DNA sequences encoding cGB-PDE that are set out in SEQ ID NO: 9 or 20 and DNA sequences which hybridize thereto under stringent conditions or DNA sequences which would hybridize thereto but for the redundancy of the genetic code are contemplated by the invention. Also contemplated by the invention are biological replicas (i.e., copies of isolated DNA sequences made in vivo or in vitro) of DNA sequences of the invention. Autonomously replicating recombinant constructions such as plasmid and viral DNA vectors incorporating cGB-PDE sequences and especially vectors wherein DNA encoding cGB-PDE is operatively linked to an endogenous or exogenous expression control DNA sequence and a transcriptional terminator are also provided. Specifically illustrating expression plasmids of the invention is the plasmid hcgbmet156-2 6n in E. coli strain JM109 which was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, on May 4, 1993 as Accession No. 69296.

[0015] According to another aspect of the invention, host cells including procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, are stably transformed with DNA sequences of the invention in a manner allowing the desired polypeptides to be expressed therein. Host cells expressing cGB-PDE products can serve a variety of useful purposes. Such cells constitute a valuable source of immunogen for the development of antibody substances specifically immunoreactive with cGB-PDE. Host cells of the invention are conspicuously useful in methods for the large scale production of cGB-PDE polypeptides wherein the cells are grown in a suitable culture medium and the desired polypeptide products are isolated from the cells or from the medium in which the cells are grown by, for example, immunoaffinity purification.

[0016] cGB-PDE products may be obtained as isolates from natural cell sources or may be chemically synthesized, but are preferably produced by recombinant procedures involving host cells of the invention. Use of mammalian host cells is expected to provide for such post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation, truncation, lipidation and tyrosine, serine or threonine phosphorylation) as may be needed to confer optimal biological activity on recombinant expression products of the invention. cGB-PDE products of the invention may be full length polypeptides, fragments or variants. Variants may comprise cGB-PDE polypeptide analogs wherein one or more of the specified (i.e., naturally encoded) amino acids is deleted or replaced or wherein one or more nonspecified amino acids are added: (1) without loss of one or more of the biological activities or immunological characteristics specific for cGB-PDE; or (2) with specific disablement of a particular biological activity of cGB-PDE.

[0017] Also comprehended by the present invention are antibody substances (e.g., monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies and the like) and other binding proteins specific for cGB-PDE. Specific binding proteins can be developed using isolated or recombinant cGB-PDE or cGB-PDE variants or cells expressing such products. Binding proteins are useful, in turn, in compositions for immunization as well as for purifying cGB-PDE polypeptides and detection or quantification of cGB-PDE polypeptides in fluid and tissue samples by known immunogical procedures. They are also manifestly useful in modulating (i.e., blocking, inhibiting or stimulating) biochemical activities of cGB-PDE, especially those activities involved in signal transduction. Anti-idiotypic antibodies specific for anti-cGB-PDE antibody substances are also contemplated.

[0018] The scientific value of the information contributed through the disclosures of DNA and amino acid sequences of the present invention is manifest. As one series of examples, knowledge of the sequence of a cDNA for cGB-PDE makes possible the isolation by DNA/DNA hybridization of genomic DNA sequences encoding cGB-PDE and specifying cGB-PDE expression control regulatory sequences such as promoters, operators and the like. DNA/DNA hybridization procedures carried out with DNA sequences of the invention under stringent conditions are likewise expected to allow the isolation of DNAs encoding allelic variants of cGB-PDE, other structurally related proteins sharing one or more of the biochemical and/or immunological properties specific to cGB-PDE, and non-human species proteins homologous to cGB-PDE. Polynucleotides of the invention when suitably labelled are useful in hybridization assays to detect the capacity of cells to synthesize cGB-PDE. Polynucleotides of the invention may also be the basis for diagnostic methods useful for identifying a genetic alteration(s) in the cGB-PDE locus that underlies a disease state or states. Also made available by the invention are anti-sense polynucleotides relevant to regulating expression of cGB-PDE by those cells which ordinarily express the same.

[0019] The DNA and amino acid sequence information provided by the present invention also makes possible the systematic analysis of the structure and function of cGB-PDE and definition of those molecules with which it will interact. Agents that modulate cGB-PDE activity may be identified by incubating a putative modulator with lysate from eucaryotic cells expressing recombinant cGB-PDE and determining the effect of the putative modulator on cGB-PDE phosphodiesterase activity. In a preferred embodiment the eucaryotic cell lacks endogenous cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. Specifically illustrating such a eucaryotic cell is the yeast strain YKS45 which was deposited with the ATCC on May 19, 1993 as Accession No. 74225. The selectivity of a compound that modulates the activity of the cGB-PDE can be evaluated by comparing its activity on the cGB-PDE to its activity on other PDE isozymes. The combination of the recombinant cGB-PDE products of the invention with other recombinant PDE products in a series of independent assays provides a system for developing selective modulators of cGB-PDE.

[0020] Selective modulators may include, for example, antibodies and other proteins or peptides which specifically bind to the cGB-PDE or cGB-PDE nucleic acid, oligonucleotides which specifically bind to the cGB-PDE or cGB-PDE nucleic acid and other non-peptide compounds (e.g., isloated or synthetic organic molecules) which specifically react with cGB-PDE or cGB-PDE nucleic acid. Mutant forms of cGB-PDE which affect the enzymatic activity or cellular localization of the wild-type cGB-PDE are also contemplated by the invention. Presently preferred targets for the development of selective modulators include, for example: (1) the regions of the cGB-PDE which contact other proteins and/or localize the cGB-PDE within a cell, (2) the regions of the cGB-PDE which bind substrate, (3) the allosteric cGMP-binding site(s) of cGB-PDE, (4) the phosphorylation site(s) of cGB-PDE and (5) the regions of the cGB-PDE which are involved in dimerization of cGB-PDE subunits. Modulators of cGB-PDE activity may be therapeutically useful in treatment of a wide range of diseases and physiological conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Numerous other aspects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description thereof, reference being made to the drawing wherein:

[0022]FIG. 1A to 1C is an alignment of the conserved catalytic domains of several PDE isoenzymes wherein residues which are identical in all PDEs listed are indicated by their one letter amino acid abbreviation in the “conserved” line, residues which are identical in the cGB-PDE and photoreceptor PDEs only are indicated by a star in the “conserved” line and gaps introduced for optimum alignment are indicated by periods;

[0023]FIGS. 2A to 2C is an alignment of the cGMP-binding domains of several PDE isoenzymes wherein residues which are identical in all PDEs listed are indicated by their one letter amino acid abbreviation in the “conserved” line and gaps introduced for optimum alignment are indicated by periods;

[0024]FIG. 3 is an alignment of internally homologous repeats from several PDE isoenzymes wherein residues identical in each repeat A and B from all cGMP-binding PDEs listed are indicated by their one letter amino acid abbreviation in the “conserved” line and stars in the “conserved” line represent positions in which all residues are chemically conserved;

[0025]FIG. 4 schematically depicts the domain organization of cGB-PDE;

[0026]FIG. 5 is a bar graph representing the results of experiments in which extracts of COS cells transfected with bovine cGB-PDE sequences or extracts of untransfected COS cells were assayed for phosphodiestersse activity using either 20 μM cGMP or 20 μM cAMP as the substrate;

[0027]FIG. 6 is a graph depicting results of assays of extracts from cells transfected with bovine cGB-PDE sequences for cGMP phosphodiesterase activity in the presence of a series of concentrations of phosphodiesterase inhibitors including dypyridamole (closed squares), zaprinast (closed circles), methoxymethylxanthine (closed triangles) and rolipram (open circles);

[0028]FIG. 7 is a bar graph presenting results of experiments in which cell extracts from COS cells transfected with bovine cGB-PDE sequences or control untransfected CPS cells were assayed for [³H]cGMP-binding activity in the absence (−) or presence (+) of 0.2 mM IBMX; and

[0029]FIG. 8 is a graph of the results of assays in which extracts from cells transfected with bovine cGB-PDE sequences were assayed for [³H]cGMP-binding activity in the presence of excess unlabelled cAMP (open circles) or cGMP (closed circles) at the concentrations indicated.

DETAILED DESCRTPTION

[0030] The following examples illustrate the invention. Example 1 describes the isolation of a bovine cGB-PDE cDNA fragment by PCR and subsequent isolation of a full length cGB-PDE cDNA using the PCR fragment as a probe. Example 2 presents an analysis of the relationship of the bovine cGB-PDE amino acid sequence to sequences reported for various other PDEs. Northern blot analysis of cGB-PDE mRNA in various bovine tissues is presented in Example 3. Expression of the bovine cGB-PDE cDNA in COS cells is described in Example 4. Example 5 presents results of assays of the cGB-PDE COS cell expression product for phosphodiesterase activity, cGMP-binding activity and Zn²⁺ hydrolase activity. Example 6 describes the isolation of human cDNAs homologous to the bovine cGB-PDE cDNA. The expression of a human cGB-PDE cDNA in yeast cells is presented in Example 7. RNase protection assays to detect cGB-PDE in human tissues are described in Example 8. Example 9 describes the bacterial expression of human cGB-PDE cDNA and the development of antibodies reactive with the bacterial cGB-PDE expression product. Example 10 describes cGB-PDE analogs and fragments. The generation of monoclonal antibodies that recognize cGB-PDE is described in Example 11. Example 12 relates to utlilizing recombinant cGB-PDE products of the invention to develop agents that selectively modulate the biological activities of cGB-PDE.

EXAMPLE 1

[0031] The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to isolate a cDNA fragment encoding a portion of cGB-PDE from bovine lung first strand cDNA. Fully degenerate sense and antisense PCR primers were designed based on the partial cGB-PDE amino acid sequence described in Thomas I, supra, and novel partial amino acid sequence information.

[0032] A. Purification of cGB-PDE Protein

[0033] cGB-PDE was purified as described in Thomas I, supra, or by a modification of that method as described below.

[0034] Fresh bovine lungs (5-10 kg) were obtained from a slaughterhouse and immediately placed on ice. The tissue was ground and combined with cold PEM buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, containing 2 mM EDTA and 25 mM β-mercaptoethanol). After homogenization and centrifugation, the resulting supernatant was incubated with 4-7 liters of DEAE-cellulose (Whatman, UK) for 34 hours. The DEAE slurry was then filtered under vacuum and rinsed with multiple volumes of cold PEM. The resin was poured into a glass column and washed with three to four volumes of PEM. The protein was eluted with 100 mM NaCl in PEM and twelve 1-liter fractions were collected. Fractions were assayed for IBMX-stimulated cGMP binding and cGMP phosphodiesterase activities by standard procedures described in Thomas et al., supra. Appropriate fractions were pooled, diluted 2-fold with cold, deionized water and subjected to Blue Sepharose® CL-6B (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) chromatography. Zinc chelate affinity adsorbent chromatography was then performed using either an agarose or Sepharose-based gel matrix. The resulting protein pool from the zinc chelation step treated as described in the Thomas I, supra, or was subjected to a modified purification procedure.

[0035] As decribed in Thomas I, supra, the protein pool was applied in multiple loads to an HPLC Bio-Sil TSK-545 DEAE column (150×21.5 mm) (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) equilibrated in PEM at 4° C. After an equilibration period, a 120-ml wash of 50 mM NaCl in PEM was followed by a 120-ml linear gradient (50-200 mM NaCl in PEM) elution at a flow rate of 2 ml/minute. Appropriate fractions were pooled and concentrated in dialysis tubing against Sephadex G-200 (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, UK) to a final volume of 1.5 ml. The concentrated cGB-PDE pool was applied to an HPLC gel filtration column (Bio-Sil TSK-250, 500×21.5 mm) equilibrated in 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 2 mM EDTA, 25 mM β-mercaptoethanol and eluted with a flow rate of 2 ml/minute at 4° C.

[0036] If the modified, less cumbersome procedure was performed, the protein pool was dialyzed against PEM for 2 hours and loaded onto a 10 ml preparative DEAE Sephacel column (Pharmacia) equilibrated in PEM buffer. The protein was eluted batchwise with 0.5M NaCl in PEM, resulting in an approximately 10-15 fold concentration of protein. The concentrated protein sample was loaded onto an 800 ml (2.5 cm×154 cm) Sephacryl S400 gel filtration column (Boehringer) equilibrated in 0.1M NaCl in PEM, and eluted at a flow rate of 1.7 ml/minute.

[0037] The purity of the protein was assessed by Coomassie staining after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Approximately 0.5-3.0 mg of pure cGB-PDE were obtained per 10 kg bovine lung.

[0038] Rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for the purified bovine cGB-PDE were generated by standard procedures.

[0039] B. Amino Acid Sequencing of cGB-PDE

[0040] cGB-PDE phosphorylated with [³²P]ATP and was then digested with protease to yield ³²P-labelled phosphopeptides. Approximately 100 μg of purified cGB-PDE was phosphorylated in a reaction mixture containing 9 mM MgCl₂, 9 μM [³²P]ATP, 10 μM cGMP, and 4.2 μg purified bovine catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) in a final volume of 900 μl. Catalytic subunit of cAK was prepared according to the method of Flockhart et al. pp. 209-215 in Marangos et al., Brain Receptor Methodologies, Part A, Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. (1984). The reaction was incubated for 30 minutes at 30° C., and stopped by addition of 60 μl of 200 mM EDTA.

[0041] To obtain a first peptide sequence from cGB-PDE, 3.7 μl of a 1 mg/ml solution of α-chymotrypsin in KPE buffer (10 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.8, with 2 mM EDTA) was added to 100 μg purified, phosphorylated cGB-PDE and the mixture was incubated for 30 minutes at 30° C. Proteolysis was stopped by addition of 50 μl of 10% SDS and 25 μl of β-mercaptoethanol. The sample was boiled until the volume was reduced to less than 400 μl, and was loaded onto an 8% preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel and subjected to electrophoresis at 50 mAmps. The separated digestion products were electroblotted onto Immobilon polyvinylidene difluoride (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.), according to the method of Matsudaira, J. Biol. Chem, 262: 10035-10038 (1987). Transferred protein was identified by Coomassie Blue staining, and a 50 kDa band was excised from the membrane for automated gas-phase amino acid sequencing. The sequence of the peptide obtained by the α-chymotryptic digestion procedure is set out below as SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0042] SEQ ID NO: 1

[0043] REXDANRINYMYAQYVKNTM

[0044] A second sequence was obtained from a cGB-PDE peptide fragment generated by V8 proteolysis. Approximately 200 μg of purified cGB-PDE was added to 10 mM MgCl₂, 10 μM [³²P]ATP, 100 μM cGMP, and 1 μg/ml purified catalytic subunit of cAK in a final volume of 1.4 ml. The reaction was incubated for 30 minutes at 30° C., and was terminated by the addition of 160 μl of 0.2M EDTA. Next, 9 μl of 1 mg/ml Staphylococcal aureus V8 protease (International Chemical Nuclear Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, Calif.) diluted in KPE was added, followed by a 15 minute incubation at 30° C. Proteolysis was stopped by addition of 88 μl of 10% SDS and 45 μl β-mercaptoethanol. The digestion products were separated by electrophoresis on a preparative 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel run at 25 mAmps for 4.5 hours. Proteins were electroblotted and stained as described above. A 28 kDa protein band was excised from the membrane and subjected to automated gas-phase amino acid sequencing. The sequence obtained is set out below as SEQ ID NO: 2.

[0045] SEQ ID NO: 2

[0046] QSLAAAVVP

[0047] C. PCR Amplification of Bovine cDNA

[0048] The partial amino acid sequences utilized to design primers (SEQ ED NO: 3, below, and amino acids 9-20 of SEQ ID NO: 1) and the sequences of the corresponding PCR primers (in IUPAC nomenclature) are set below wherein SEQ ID NO: 3 is the sequence reported in Thomas I, supra. SEQ ID NO:3    F   D   N   D   E   G   E   Q 5′ TTY GAY AAY GAY GAR GGN GAR CA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:4) 3′ AAR CTR TTR CTR CTY CCN CTY GT 5′ (SEQ ID NO:5) SEQ ID NO:1, Amino acids 9-20    N   Y   M   Y   A   Q   Y   V   K   N   T   M 5′ AAY TAY ATG TAY GCN CAR TAY GT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:6) 3′ TTR ATR TAC ATR CGN GTY ATR CA 5′ (SEQ ID NO:7) 3′ TTR ATR TAC ATR CGN GTY ATR CAN (SEQ ID NO:8) TTY TTR TGN TAC 5′

[0049] The sense and antisense primers, synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Model 380A DNA Synthesizer (Foster City, Calif.), were used in all possible combinations to amplify cGB-PDE-specific sequences from bovine lung first strand cDNA as described below.

[0050] After ethanol precipitation, pairs of oligonucleotides were combined (SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 combined with SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7 or 8) at 400 nM each in a PCR reaction. The reaction was run using 50 ng first strand bovine lung cDNA (generated using AMV reverse transcriptase and random primers on oligo dT selected bovine lung mRNA), 200 μM dNTPs, and 2 units of Taq polymerase. The initial denaturation step was carried out at 94° C. for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of a 1 minute denaturation step at 94° C., a two minute annealing step at 50° C., and a 2 minute extension step at 72° C. PCR was performed using a Hybaid Thermal Reactor (ENK Scientific Products, Saratoga, Calif.) and products were separated by gel electrophoresis on a 1% low melting point agarose gel run in 40 mM Tris-acetate, 2 mM EDTA. A weak band of about 800-840 bp was seen with the primers set out in SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 7 and with primers set out in SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 8. None of the other primer pairs yielded visible bands. The PCR product generated by amplification with the primers set out in SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 7 was isolated using the Gene Clean® (Bio101, La Jolla, Calif.) DNA purification kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. The PCR product (20 ng) was ligated into 200 ng of linearized pBluescript KS(+) (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), and the resulting plasmid construct was used to transform E. coli XL1 Blue cells (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.). Putative transformation positives were screened by sequencing. The sequences obtained were not homologous to any known PDE sequence or to the known partial cGB-PDE sequences.

[0051] PCR was performed again on bovine lung first strand cDNA using the primers set out in SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 7. A clone containing a 0.8 Kb insert with a single large open reading frame was identified. The open reading frame encoded a polypeptide that included the amino acids KNTM (amino acids 17-20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 which were not utilized to design the primer sequence which is set out in SEQ ID NO: 7) and that possessed a high degree of homology to the deduced amino acid sequences of the cGs-, ROS- and COS-PDEs. The clone identified corresponds to nucleotides 489-1312 of SEQ ID NO: 9.

[0052] D. Construction and Hybridization Screening of a Bovine cDNA Library

[0053] In order to obtain a cDNA encoding a full-length cGB-PDE, a bovine lung cDNA library was screened using the ³P-labelled PCR-generated cDNA insert as a probe.

[0054] Polyadenylated RNA was prepared from bovine lung as described Sonnenburg et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266: 17655-17661 (1991). First strand cDNA was synthesized using AMV reverse transcriptase (Life Sciences, St. Petersburg, Fla.) with random hexanucleotide primers as described in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1987). Second strand cDNA was synthesized using E. coli DNA polymerase I in the presence of E. coli DNA ligase and E. coli RNAse H. Selection of cDNAs larger than 500 bp was performed by Sepharose® CL-4B (Millipore) chromatography. EcoRI adaptors (Promega, Madison, Wis.) were ligated to the cDNA using T4 DNA ligase. Following heat inactivation of the ligase, the cDNA was phosphorylated using T4 polynucleotide kinase. Unligated adaptors were removed by Sepharose® CL-4B chromatography (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). The cDNA was ligated into EcoRI-digested, dephosphorylated lambda Zap®II arms (Stratagene) and packaged with Gigapack® Gold (Stratagene) extracts according to the manufacturer's protocol. The titer of the unamplifled library was 9.9×10⁵ with 18% nonrecombinants. The library was amplified by plating 50,000 plaque forming units (pfu) on to twenty 150 mm plates, resulting in a final titer of 5.95×10⁶ pfu/ml with 21% nonrecombinants.

[0055] The library was plated on twenty-four 150 mm plates at 50,000 pfu/plate, and screened with the ³²P-labelled cDNA clone. The probe was prepared using the method of Feinberg et al., Anal. Biochem., 137: 266-267(1984), and the ²P-labelled DNA was purified using Elutip-D® columns (Schleicher and Schuell Inc., Keene, N.H.) using the manufacturer's protocol. Plaque-lifts were performed using 15 cm nitrocellulose filters. Following denaturation and neutralization, DNA was fixed onto the filters by baking at 80° C. for 2 hours. Hybridization was carried out at 42° C. overnight in a solution containing 50% formamide, 5× SSC (0.75M NaCl, 0.75M sodium citrate, pH 7), 25 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.0), 2× Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, 90 μg/ml yeast tRNA, and approximately 10⁶ cpm/ml ³²P-labelled probe (5×10⁸ cpm/μg). The filters were washed twice in 0.1× SSC, 0.1% SDS at room temperature for 15 minutes per wash, followed by a single 20 minute wash in 0.1× SSC, 1% SDS at 45° C. The filters were then exposed to X-ray film at −70° C. for several days.

[0056] Plaques that hybridized with the labelled probe were purified by several rounds of replating and rescreening. Insert cDNAs were subcloned into the pBluescript SK(−) vector (Stratagene) by the in vivo excision method described by the manufacturer's protocol. Southern blots were performed in order to verify that the rescued cDNA hybridized to the PCR probe. Putative cGB-PDE cDNAs were sequenced using Sequenase® Version 2.0 (United States Biochemical Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio) or TaqTrack® kits (Promega).

[0057] Three distinct cDNA clones designated cGB-2, cGB-8 and cGB-10 were isolated. The DNA and deduced amino acid sequences of clone cGB-8 are set out in SEQ ED NOs: 9 and 10. The DNA sequence downstream of nucleotide 2686 may represent a cloning artifact. The DNA sequence of cGB-10 is identical to the sequence of cGB-8 with the exception of one nucleotide. The DNA sequence of clone cGB-2 diverges from that of clone cGB-8 5′ to nucleotide 219 of clone cgb-8 (see SEQ ID NO: 9) and could encode a protein with a different amino terminus.

[0058] The cGB-8 cDNA clone is 4474 bp in length and contains a large open reading frame of 2625 bp. The triplet ATG at position 99-101 in the nucleotide sequence is predicted to be the translation initiation site of the cGB-PDE gene because it is preceded by an in-frame stop codon and the surrounding bases are compatible with the Kozak consensus initiation site for eucaryotic mRNAs. The stop codon TAG is located at positions 2724-2726, and is followed by 1748 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence. The sequence of cGB-8 does not contain a transcription termination consensus sequence, therefore the clone may not represent the entire 3′ untranslated region of the corresponding mRNA.

[0059] The open reading frame of the cGB-8 cDNA encodes an 875 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 99.5 kD. This calculated molecular mass is only slightly larger than the reported molecular mass of purified cGB-PDE, estimated by SDS-PAGE analysis to be approximately 93 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of cGB-8 corresponded exactly to all peptide sequences obtained from purified bovine lung cGB-PDE providing strong evidence that cGB-8 encodes cGB-PDE.

EXAMPLE 2

[0060] A search of the SWISS-PROT and GEnEmbl data banks (Release of February, 1992) conducted using the FASTA program supplied with the Genetics Computer Group (GCG) Software Package (Madison, Wis.) revealed that only DNA and amino acid sequences reported for other PDEs displayed significant similarity to the DNA and deduced amino acid of clone cGB-8.

[0061] Pairwise comparisons of the cGB-PDE deduced amino acid sequence with the sequences of eight other PDEs were conducted using the ALIGN [Dayhoff et al., Methods Enzymol., 92: 524-545 (1983)] and BESTFIT [Wilbur et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80: 726-730 (1983)] programs. Like all mammalian phosphodiesterases sequenced to date, cGB-PDE contains a conserved catalytic domain sequence of approximately 250 amino acids in the carboxyl-terminal half of the protein that is thought to be essential for catalytic activity. This segment comprises amino acids 578-812 of SEQ ID NO: 9 and exhibits sequence conservation with the corresponding regions of other PDEs. Table 1 below sets out the specific identity values obtained in pairwise comparisons of other PDEs with amino acids 578-812 of cGB-PDE, wherein “ratdunce” is the rat cAMP-specific PDE; “61 kCaM” is the bovine 61 kDa calcium/calmodulin-dependent PDE; “63 kCaM” is the bovine 63 kDa calcium/calmodulin-dependent PDE; “drosdunce” is the drosophila cAMP-specific dunce PDE; “ROS-α” is the bovine ROS-PDE α-subunit; “ROS-β” is the bovine ROS-PDE β-subunit; “COS-α′” is the bovine COS-PDE α′ subunit; and “cGs” is the bovine cGs-PDE (612-844). TABLE 1 Phosphodiesterase Catalytic Domain Residues % Identity Ratdunce  77-316 31 61 kCaM 193-422 29 63 kcam 195-424 29 drosdunce  1-239 28 ROS-α 535-778 45 ROS-β 533-776 46 COS-α′ 533-776 48 cGs 612-844 40

[0062] Multiple sequence alignments were performed using the Progressive Alignment Algorithm [Feng et al., Methods Enzymol., 183: 375-387 (1990)] implemented in the PILEUP program (GCG Software). FIGS. 1A to 1C shows a multiple sequence alignment of the proposed catalytic domain of cGB-PDE with the all the corresponding regions of the PDEs of Table 1. Twenty-eight residues (see residues indicated by one letter amino acid abbreviations in the “conserved” line on FIGS. 1A to 1C) are invariant among the isoenzymes including several conserved histidine residues predicted to play a functional role in catalysis. See Charbonneau et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, supra. The catalytic domain of cGB-PDE more closely resembles the catalytic domains of the ROS-PDEs and COS-PDEs than the corresponding regions of other PDE isoenzymes. There are several conserved regions among the photoreceptor PDEs and cGB-PDE that are not shared by other PDEs. Amino acid positions in these regions that are invariant in the photoreceptor PDE and cGB-PDE sequences are indicated by stars in the “conserved” line of FIGS. 1A to 1C. Regions of homology among cGB-PDE and the ROS- and COS-PDEs may serve important roles in conferring specificity for cGMP hydrolysis relative to cAMP hydrolysis or for sensitivity to specific pharmacological agents.

[0063] Sequence similarity between cGB-PDE, cGs-PDE and the photoreceptor PDEs, is not limited to the conserved catalytic domain but also includes the noncatalytic cGMP binding domain in the amino-terminal half of the protein. Optimization of the alignment between cGB-PDE, cGs-PDE and the photoreceptor PDEs indicates that an amino-terminal conserved segment may exist including amino acids 142-526 of SEQ ID NO: 9. Pairwise analysis of the sequence of the proposed cGMP-binding domain of cGB-PDE with the corresponding regions of the photoreceptor PDEs and cGs-PDE revealed 26-28% sequence identity. Multiple sequence alignment of the proposed cGMP-binding domains with the cGMP-binding PDEs is shown in FIGS. 2A to 2C wherein abbreviations are the same as indicated for Table 1. Thirty-eight positions in this noncatalytic domain appear to be invariant among all cGMP-binding PDEs (see positions indicated by one letter amino acid abbreviations in the “conserved” line of FIGS. 2A to 2C).

[0064] The cGMP-binding domain of the cGMP-binding PDEs contains internally homologous repeats which may form two similar but distinct inter- or intra-subunit cGMP-binding sites. FIG. 3 shows a multiple sequence alignment of the repeats a (corresponding to amino acids 228-311 of cGB-PDE) and b (corresponding to amino acids 410-500 of cGB-PDE) of the cGMP-binding PDEs. Seven residues are invariant in each A and B regions (see residues indicated by one letter amino acid abbreviations in the “conserved” line of FIG. 3). Residues that are chemically conserved in the A and B regions are indicated by stars in the “conserved” line of FIG. 3. cGMP analog studies of cGB-PDE support the existence of a hydrogen bond between the cyclic nucleotide binding site on cGB-PDE and the 2′OH of cGMP.

[0065] Three regions of cGB-PDE have no significant sequence similarity to other PDE isoenzymes. These regions include the sequence flanking the carboxyl-terminal end of the catalytic domain (amino acids 812-875), the sequence separating the cGMP-binding and catalytic domains (amino acids 527-577) and the amino-terminal sequence spanning amino acids 1-141. The site (the serine at position 92 of SEQ ID NO: 10) of phosphorylation of cGB-PDE by cGK is located in this amino-terminal region of sequence. Binding of cGMP to the allosteric site on cGB-PDE is required for its phosphorylation.

[0066] A proposed domain structure of cGB-PDE based on the foregoing comparisons with other PDE isoenzymes is presented in FIG. 4. This domain structure is supported by the biochemical studies of cGB-PDE purified from bovine lung.

EXAMPLE 3

[0067] The presence of cGB-PDE mRNA in various bovine tissues was examined by Northern blot hybridization.

[0068] Polyadenylated RNA was purified from total RNA preparations using the Poly(A) Quick® mRNA purification kit (Stratagene) according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA samples (5 μg) were loaded onto a 1.2% agarose, 6.7% formaldehyde gel. Electrophoresis and RNA transfer were performed as previously described in Sonnenburg et al., supra. Prehybridization of the RNA blot was carried out for 4 hours at 45° C. in a solution containing 50% formamide, 5× SSC, 25 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7, 2× Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 0.1 mg/ml yeast tRNA. A random hexanucleotide-primer-labelled probe (5×10⁸ cpm/μg) was prepared as described in Feinberg et al., supra, using the 4.7 kb cGB-8 cDNA clone of Example 2 excised by digestion with AccI and Sack. The probe was heat denatured and injected into a blotting bag (6×10⁵ cpm/ml) following prehybridization. The Northern blot was hybridized overnight at 45° C., followed by one 15 minute wash with 2× SSC, 0.1% SDS at room temperature, and three 20 minute washes with 0.1× SSC, 0.1% SDS at 45° C. The blot was exposed to X-ray film for 24 hours at −70° C. The size of the RNA that hybridized with the cGB-PDE probe was estimated using a 0.24-9.5 kb RNA ladder that was stained with ethidium bromide and visualized with UV light.

[0069] The ³²P-labelled cGB-PDE cDNA hybridized to a single 6.8 kb bovine lung RNA species. A mRNA band of the identical size was also detected in polyadenylated RNA isolated from bovine trachea, aorta, kidney and spleen.

EXAMPLE 4

[0070] The cGB-PDE cDNA in clone cGB-8 of Example 2 was expressed in COS-7 cells (ATCC CRL1651).

[0071] A portion of the cGB-8 cDNA was isolated following digestion with the restriction enzyme XbaI. XbaI cut at a position in the pBluescript polylinker sequence located 30 bp upstream of the 5′ end of the cGB-8 insert and at position 3359 within the cGB-8 insert. The resulting 3389 bp fragment, which contains the entire coding region of cGB-8, was then ligated into the unique XbaI cloning site of the expression vector pCDM8 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.). The pCDM8 plasmid is a 4.5 kb eucaryotic expression vector containing a cytomegalovirus promoter and enhancer, an SV40-derived origin of replication, a polyadenylation signal, a procaryotic origin of replication (derived from pBR322) and a procaryotic genetic marker (supF). E. coli MC1061/P3 cells (Invitrogen) were transformed with the resulting ligation products, and transformation positive colonies were screened for proper orientation of the cGB-8 insert using PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. The resulting expression construct containing the cGB-8 insert in the proper orientation is referred to as pCDM8-cGB-PDE.

[0072] The pCDM8-cGB-PDE DNA was purified from large-scale plasmid preparations using Qiagen pack-500 columns (Chatsworth, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. COS-7 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 μg/ml penicillin and 50 μg/ml streptomycin at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Approximately 24 hours prior to transfection, confluent 100 mm dishes of cells were replated at one-fourth or one-fifth the original density. In a typical transfection experiment, cells were washed with buffer containing 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.1 mM potassium phosphate, and 8.1 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2 (PBS). Then 4-5 ml of DMEM containing 10% NuSerum (Collaborative Biomedical Products, Bedford, Mass.) was added to each plate. Transfection with 10 μg pCDM8-cGB-PDE DNA or pCDM8 vector DNA mixed with 400 μg DEAE-dextran (Pharmacia) in 60 μl TBS [Tris-buffered saline: 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl 0.6 mM Na₂HPO₄, 0.7 mM CaCl₂, and 0.5 mM MgCl₂] was carried out by dropwise addition of the mixture to each plate. The cells were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 4 hours, and then treated with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide in PBS for 1 minute. After 2 minutes, the dimethyl sulfoxide was removed, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated in complete medium. After 48 hours, cells were suspended in 0.5-1 ml of cold homogenization buffer [40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 15 mM benzamidine, 15 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 0.7 μg/ml pepstatin A, 0.5 μg/ml leupeptin, and 5 μM EDTA] per plate of cells, and disrupted using a Dounce homogenizer. The resulting whole-cell extracts were assayed for phosphodiesterase activity, cGMP-binding activity, and total protein concentration as described below in Example 5.

EXAMPLE 5

[0073] Phosphodiesterase activity in extracts of the transfected COS cells of Example 4 or in extracts of mock transfected COS cells was measured using a modification of the assay procedure described for the cGs-PDE in Martins et al., J. Biol. Chem., 257: 1973-1979 (1982). Cells were harvested and extracts prepared 48 hours after transfection. Incubation mixtures contained 40 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7), 0.8 mM EDTA, 15 mM magnesium acetate, 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 20,μM [³H]cGMP or [³H]cAMP (100,000-200,000 cpm/assay) and COS-7 cell extract in a total volume of 250 μl. The reaction mixture was incubated for 10 minutes at 30° C., and then stopped by boiling. Next, 10 μl of 10 mg/ml Crotalus atrox venom (Sigma) was added followed by a 10 minute incubation at 30° C. Nucleoside products were separated from unreacted nucleotides as described in Martins et al., supra. In all studies, less than 15% of the total [³H]cyclic nucleotide was hydrolyzed during the reaction.

[0074] The results of the assays are presented in FIG. 5 wherein the results shown are averages of three separate transfections. Transfection of COS-7 cells with pCDM8-cGB-PDE DNA resulted in the expression of approximately 15-fold higher levels of cGMP phosphodiesterase activity than in mock-transfected cells or in cells transfected with pCDM8 vector alone. No increase in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity over mock or vector-only transfected cells was detected in extracts from cells transfected with pCDM8-cGB-PDE DNA. These results confirm that the cGB-PDE bovine cDNA encodes a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase.

[0075] Extracts from the transfected COS cells of Example 4 were also assayed for cGMP PDE activity in the presence of a series of concentrations of the PDE inhibitors zaprinast, dipyridamole (Sigma), isobutyl-1-methyl-8-methoxymethylxanthine (MeOxMeMIX) and rolipram.

[0076] The results of the assays are presented in FIG. 6 wherein PDE activity in the absence of inhibitor is taken as 100% and each data point represents the average of two separate determinations. The relative potencies of PDE inhibitors for inhibition of cGMP hydrolysis by the expressed cGB-BPDE cDNA protein product were identical to those relative potencies reported for native cGB-PDE purified from bovine lung (Thomas I, supra). IC₅₀ values calculated from the curves in FIG. 6 are as follows: zaprinast (closed circles), 2 μM; dipyridamole (closed squares), 3.5 μM; MeOxMeMIX (closed triangles), 30 μM; and rolipram (open circles), >300 μM. The IC₅₀ value of zaprinast, a relatively specific inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases, was at least two orders of magnitude lower than that reported for inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity of the cGs-PDE or of the cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (cGi-PDEs) (Reeves et al., pp. 300-316 in Beavo et al., supra). Dipyrimadole, an effective inhibitor of selected cAMP- and cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases, was also a potent inhibitor of the expressed cGB-PDE. The relatively selective inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase (CaM-PDEs), MeOxMeMIX, was approximately 10-fold less potent than zaprinast and dipyridamole, in agreement with results using cGB-PDE activity purified from bovine lung. Rolipram, a potent inhibitor of low K_(m) cAMP phosphodisterases, was a poor inhibitor of expressed cGB-PDE cDNA protein product. These results show that the cGB-PDE cDNA encodes a phosphodiesterase that possesses catalytic activity characteristic of cGB-PDE isolated from bovine tissue, thus verifying the identity of the cGB-8 cDNA clone as a cGB-PDE.

[0077] It is of interest to note that although the relative potencies of the PDE inhibitors for inhibition of cGMP hydrolysis were identical for the recombinant and bovine isolate cGB-PDE, the absolute IC₅₀ values for all inhibitors tested were 2-7 fold higher for the recombinant cGB-PDE. This difference could not be attributed to the effects of any factors present in COS-7 cell extracts on cGMP hydrolytic activity, since cGB-PDE isolated from bovine tissue exhibited identical kinetics of inhibition as a pure enzyme, or when added back to extracts of mock-transfected COS-7 cells. This apparent difference in pharmacological sensitivity may be due to a subtle difference in the structure of the recombinant cGB-PDE cDNA protein product and bovine lung cGB-PDE, such as a difference in post-translational modification at or near the catalytic site. Alternatively, this difference may be due to an alteration of the catalytic activity of bovine lung cGB-PDE over several purification steps.

[0078] Cell extracts were assayed for [³H]cGMP-binding activity in the absence or presence of 0.2 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylaxanthine (IBMX) (Sigma), a competitive inhibitor of cGMP hydrolysis. The cGMP binding assay, modified from the assay described in Thomas I, supra, was conducted in a total volume of 80 μl. Sixty μl of cell extract was combined with 20 μl of a binding cocktail such that the final concentration of components of the mixture were 1 μM [³H]cGMP, 5 μM cAMP, and 10 μM 8-bromo-cGMP. The cAMP and 8-bromo-cGMP were added to block [³H]cGMP binding to cAK and cGK, respectively. Assays were carried out in the absence and presence of 0.2 mM IBMX. The reaction was initiated by the addition of the cell extract, and was incubated for 60 minutes at 0° C. Filtration of the reaction mixtures was carried out as described in Thomas I, supra. Blanks were determined by parallel incubations with homogenization buffer replacing cell extracts, or with a 100-fold excess of unlabelled cGMP. Similar results were obtained with both methods. Total protein concentration of the cell extracts was determined by the method of Bradford, Anal. Biochem., 72:248-254 (1976) using bovine serum albumin as the standard.

[0079] Results of the assay are set out in FIG. 7. When measured at 1 μM [³H]cGMP in the presence of 0.2 mM IBMX, extracts from COS-7 cells transfected with pCDM8-cGB-PDE exhibited 8-fold higher cGMP-binding activity than extracts from mock-transfected cells. No IBMX stimulation of background cGMP binding was observed suggesting that little or no endogenous cGB-PDE was present in the COS-7 cell extracts. In extracts of pCDM8-cGB-PDE transfected cells cGMP-specific activity was stimulated approximately 1.8-fold by the addition of 0.2 mM IBMX. The ability of IBMX to stimulate cGMP binding 2-5 fold is a distinctive property of the cGMP-binding phosphodisterases.

[0080] Cell extracts were assayed as described above for [³H]cGMP-binding activity (wherein concentration of [³H]cGMP was 2.5 μM) in the presence of excess unlabelled cAMP or cGMP. Results are presented in FIG. 8 wherein cGMP binding in the absence of unlabelled competitor was taken as 100% and each data point represents the average of three separate determinations. The binding activity of the protein product encoded by the cGB-PDE cDNA was specific for cGMP relative to cAMP. Less than 10-fold higher concentrations of unlabelled cGMP were required to inhibit [³H]cGMP binding activity by 50% whereas approximately 100fold higher concentrations of cAMP were required for the same degree of inhibition.

[0081] The results presented in this example show that the cGB-PDE cDNA encodes a phosphodiesterase which possesses biochemical activities characteristic of native cGB-PDE.

[0082] The catalytic domains of mammalian PDEs and a Drosophila PDE contain two tandem conserved sequences (HX₃HX₂₄-₂₆E) that are typical Zn²⁺-binding motifs in Zn²⁺ hydrolases such as thermolysin [Vallee and Auld, Biochem., 29: 5647-5659 (1990)]. cGB-PDE binds Zn²⁺ in the presence of large excesses of Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺ or Cd²⁺. In the absence of added metal, cGB-PDE has a PDE activity that is approximately 20% of the maximum activity that occurs in the presence of 40 mM Mg²⁺, and this basal activity is inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline or EDTA. This suggests that a trace metal(s) accounts for the basal PDE activity despite exhaustive treatments to remove metals. PDE activity is stimulated by addition of Zn²⁺ (0.02-1 μM) or Co²⁺ (1-20 μM), but not by Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cα²⁺, Cd²⁺, or Cu²⁺. Zn²⁺ increases the basal PDE activity up to 70% of the maximum stimulation produced by 40 mM Mg²⁺. The stimulatory effect of Zn²⁺ in these assays may be compromised by an inhibitory effect that is caused by Zn²⁺ concentrations >1 μM. The Zn²⁺-supported PDE activity and Zn²⁺ binding by cGB-PDE occur at similar concentrations of Zn²⁺. cGB-PDE thus appears to be a Zn²⁺ hydrolase and Zn²⁺ appears to play a critical role in the activity of the enzyme. See, Colbran et al., The FASEB J., 8: Abstract 2148 (March 15, 1994).

EXAMPLE 6

[0083] Several human cDNA clones, homologous to the bovine cDNA clone encoding cGB-PDE, were isolated by hybridization under stringent conditions using a nucleic acid probe corresponding to a portion of the bovine cGB-8 clone (nucleotides 489-1312 of SEQ ID NO: 9).

[0084] Isolation of cDNA Fragments Encoding Human cGB-PDE

[0085] Three human cDNA libraries (two glioblastoma and one lung) in the vector lambda Zap were probed with the bovine CGB-PDE sequence. The PCR-generated clone corresponding to nucleotides 484-1312 of SEQ ID NO: 9 which is described in Example 1 was digested with EcoRI and SalI and the resulting 0.8 kb cDNA insert was isolated and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The fragment was labelled with radioactive nucleotides using a random primed DNA labelling kit (Boehringer).

[0086] The cDNA libraries were plated on 150 mm petri plates at a density of approximately 50,000 plaques per plate. Duplicate nitrocellulose filter replicas were prepared. The prehybridization buffer was 3× SSC, 0.1% sarkosyl, 10× Denhardt's, 20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8) and 50 μg/ml salmon testes DNA. Prehybridization was carried out at 65° C. for a minimum of 30 minutes. Hybridization was carried out at 65° C. overnight in buffer of the same composition with the addition of 1-5×10⁵ cpm/ml of probe. The filters were washed at 65° C. in 2× SSC, 0.1% SDS. Hybridizing plaques were detected by autoradiography. The number of cDNAs that hybridized to the bovine probe and the number of cDNAs screened are indicated in Table 2 below. TABLE 2 cDNA Library Type Positive Plaques Plaques Screened Human SW 1088 dT-primed 1 1.5 × 10⁶ glioblastoma Human lung dT-primed 2 1.5 × 10⁶ Human SW 1088 dT-primed 4 1.5 × 10⁶ glioblastoma

[0087] Plasmids designated cgbS2.1, cgbS3.1, cgbL23.1, cgbL27.1 and cgbS27.1 were excised in vivo from the lambda Zap clones and sequenced.

[0088] Clone cgbS3.1 contains 2060 bp of a PDE open reading frame followed by a putative intron. Analysis of clone cgbS2.1 reveals that it corresponds to clone cgbS3.1 positions 664 to 2060 and extends the PDE open reading frame an additional 585 bp before reading into a putative intron. The sequences of the putative 5′ untranslated region and the protein encoding portions of the cgbS2.1 and cgbS3.1 clones are set out in SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12, respectively. Combining the two cDNAs yields a sequence containing approximately 2.7 kb of an open reading encoding a PDE. The three other cDNAs did not extend any further 5′ or 3′ than cDNA cgbS3.1 or cDNA cgbS2.1.

[0089] To isolate additional cDNAs, probes specific for the 5′ end of clone cgbS3.1 and the 3′ end of clone cgbS2.1 were prepared and used to screen a SW1088 glioblastoma cDNA library and a human aorta cDNA library. A 5′ probe was derived from clone cgbS3.1 by PCR using the primers cgbS3.1S311 and cgbL23.1A1286 whose sequences are set out in SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 9, respectively, and below. Primer cgbS3.1S311 5′ GCCACCAGAGAAATGGTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:13) Primer cgbL23.1A1286 5′ ACAATGGGTCTAAGAGGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:14)

[0090] The PCR reaction was carried out in a 50 ul reaction volume containing 50 pg cgbS3.1 cDNA, 0.2 mM dNTP, 10 ug/ml each primer, 50 mM KCl , 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.2, 1.5 mM MgCl₂ and Taq polymerase. After an initial four minute denaturation at 94° C., 30 cycles of one minute at 94° C., two minutes at 50° C. and four minutes at 72° C. were carried out. An approximately 0.2 kb fragment was generated by the PCR reaction which corresponded to nucleotides 300-496 of clone cgbS3.1.

[0091] A 3′ probe was derived from cDNA cgbS2.1 by PCR using the oligos cgbL23.1S1190 and cgbS2.1A231 whose sequences are set out below. Primer cgbL23.1S1190 5′ TCAGTGCATGTTTGCTGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:15) Primer cgbS2.1A231 5′ TACAAACATGTTCATCAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:16)

[0092] The PCR reaction as carried out similarly to that described above for generating the 5′ probe, and yielded a fragment of approximately 0.8 kb corresponding to nucleotides 1358-2139 of cDNA cgbS2.1. The 3′ 157 nucleotides of the PCR fragment (not shown in SEQ ID NO: 12) are within the presumptive intron.

[0093] The two PCR fragments were purified and isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and were labelled with radioactive nucleotides by random priming. A random-primed SW1088 glioblastoma cDNA library (1.5×10⁶ plaques) was screened with the labelled fragments as described above, and 19 hybridizing plaques were isolated. An additional 50 hybridizing plaques were isolated from a human aorta cDNA library (dT and random primed, Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

[0094] Plasmids were excised in vivo from some of the positive lambda Zap clones and sequenced. A clone designated cgbS53.2, the sequence of which is set out in SEQ ID NO: 17, contains an approximately 1.1 kb insert whose sequence overlaps the last 61 bp of cgbS3.1 and extends the open reading frame an additional 135 bp beyond that found in cgbS2.1. The clone contains a termination codon and approximately 0.3 kB of putative 3′ untranslated sequence.

[0095] Generation of a Composite cDNA Encoding Human cGB-PDE

[0096] Clones cgbS3.1, cgbS2.1 and cgbS53.2 were used as described in the following paragraphs to build a composite cDNA that contained a complete human cGB-PDE opening reading frame. The composite cDNA is designated cgbmet156-2 and was inserted in the yeast ADH1 expression vector pBNY6N.

[0097] First, a plasmid designated cgb stop-2 was generated that contained the 3′ end of the cGB-PDE open reading frame. A portion of the insert of the plasmid was generated by PCR using clone cgbS53.2 as a template. The PCR primers utilized were cgbS2.1S1700 and cgbstop2. Primer cgbS2.1S1700 5′ TTTGGAAGATCCTCATCA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:18) Primer cgbstop-2 5′ ATGTCTCGAGTCAGTTCCGCTTGGCCTG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:19)

[0098] The PCR reaction was carried out in 50 ul containing 50 pg template DNA, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.2, 10 mM KCl, 6 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% Triton-X-100, 500 ng each primer and 0.5 units of Pfu polymerase (Stratagene). The reaction was heated to 94° C. for 4 minutes and then 30 cycles of 1 minute at 94° C., 2 minutes at 50° C. and four minutes at 72° C. were performed. The polymerase was added during the first cycle at 50° C. The resulting PCR product was phenol/chloroform extracted, chloroform extracted, ethanol precipitated and cut with the restriction enzymes BclI and XhoI. The restriction fragment was purified on an agarose gel and eluted.

[0099] This fragment was ligated to the cDNA cgbS2.1 that had been grown in dam E. coli, cut with the restriction enzymes BclI and XhoI, and gel-purified using the Promega magic PCR kit. The resulting plasmid was sequenced to verify that cgbstop2 contains the 3′ portion of the cGB-PDE open reading frame.

[0100] Second, a plasmid carrying the 5′ end of the human cGB-PDE open reading frame was generated. Its insert was generated by PCR using clone cgbS3.1 as a template. PCR was performed as described above using primers cgbmet156 and cgbS2.1A2150. Primer cgbmet156 5′ TACAGAATTCTGACCATGGAGCGGGCCGGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:20) Primer cgbS2.1A2150 5′ CATTCTAAGCGGATACAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:21)

[0101] The resulting PCR fragment was phenol/choloform extracted, choloform extracted, ethanol precipitated and purified on a Sepharose CL-6B column. The fragment was cut with the restriction enzymes EcoRV and EcoRI, run on an agarose gel and purified by spinning through glass wool. Following phenol/chloroform extraction, chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation, the fragment was ligated into EcoRI/EcoRV digested BluescriptII SK(+) to generate plasmid cgbmet156. The DNA sequence of the insert and junctions was determined. The insert contains a new EcoRI site and an additional 5 nucleotides that together replace the original 155 nucleotides 5′ of the initiation codon. The insert extends to an EcoRV site beginning 531 nucleotides from the initiation codon.

[0102] The 5′ and 3′ portions of the cGB-PDE open reading frame were then assembled in vector pBNY6a. The vector pBNY6a was cut with EcoRI and XhoI, isolated from a gel and combined with the agarose gel purified EcoRI/EcoRV fragment from cgbmet156 and the agarose gel purified EcoRV/XhoI fragment from cgbstop2. The junctions of the insert were sequenced and the construct was named hcbgmet156-2 6a.

[0103] The cGB-PDE insert from hcbgmet156-2 6a was then moved into the expression vector pBNY6n. Expression of DNA inserted in this vector is directed from the yeast ADH1 promoter and terminator. The vector contains the yeast 2 micron origin of replication, the pUC19 origin of replication and an ampicillan resistance gene. Vector pBNY6n was cut with EcoRI and XhoI and gel-purified. The EcoRI/XhoI insert from hcgbmet156-2 6a was gel purified using Promega magic PCR columns and ligated into the cut pBNY6n. All new junctions in the resulting construct, hcgbmet156-2 6n, were sequenced. The DNA and deduced amino acid sequences of the insert of hcgbmet156-2 6n which encodes a composite human cGB-PDE is set out in SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 23. The insert extends from the first methionine in clone cgbS3.1 (nucleotide 156) to the stop codon (nucleotide 2781) in the composite cDNA. Because the methionine is the most 5′ methionine in clone cgbS3.1 and because there are no stop codons in frame with the methionine and upstream of it, the insert in pBNY6n may represent a truncated form of the open reading frame.

[0104] Variant cDNAs

[0105] Four human cGB-PDE cDNAs that are different from the hcgbmet156-2 6n composite cDNA have been isolated. One cDNA, cgbL23.1, is missing an internal region of hcgbmet156-2 6n (nucleotides 997-1000 to 1444-1447). The exact end points of the deletion cannot be determined from the cDNA sequence at those positions. Three of the four variant cDNAs have 5′ end sequences that diverge from the hcgbmet156-2 6n sequence upstream of nucleotide 151 (cDNAs cgbA7f, cgbA5C, cgbI2). These cDNAs presumably represent alteratively spliced or unspliced mRNAs.

EXAMPLE 7

[0106] The composite human cGB-PDE cDNA construct, hcgbmet156-2 6n, was transformed into the yeast strain YKS45 (ATCC 74225) (MATα his3 trp1 ura3 leu3 pde1::HIS3 pde2::TRP1) in which two endogenous PDE genes are deleted. Transformants complementing the leu deficiency of the YKS45 strain were selected and assayed for cGB-PDE activity. Extracts from cells bearing the plasmid hcgbmet156-2 6n were determined to display cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity by the assay described below.

[0107] One liter of YKS45 cells transformed with the plasmid cgbmet156-2 6n and grown in SC-leu medium to a density of 1-2×10⁷ cells/ml was harvested by centrifugation, washed once with deionized water, frozen in dry ice/ethanol and stored at −70° C. Cell pellets (1-1.5 ml) were thawed on ice in the presence of an equal volume of 25 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0)/5 mM EDTA/5 mM EGTA/1 mM o-phenanthroline/0.5 mM AEBSF (Calbiochem)/0.1% β-mercaptoethanol and 10 ug/ml each of aprotinin, leupeptin, and pepstatin A. The thawed cells were added to 2 ml of acid-washed glass beads (425-600 μM, Sigma) in 15 ml Corex tube. Cells were broken with 4 cycles consisting of a 30 second vortexing on setting 1 followed by a 60 second incubation on ice. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 12,000× g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was passed through a 0.8μ filter. The supernatant was assayed for cGMP PDE activity as follows. Samples were incubated for 20 minutes at 30° C. in the presence of 45 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0), 2 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 0.2 mg/ml BSA, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM o-phenanthroline, 2 ug/ml each of pepstatin A, leupeptin, and aprotinin, 0.1 mM AEBSF, 0.02% β-mercaptoethanol and 0.1 mM [³H]cGMP as substrate. [¹⁴C]-AMP (0.5 nCi/assay) was added as a recovery standard. The reaction was terminated with stop buffer (0.1M ethanolamine pH 9.0, 0.5M ammonium sulfate, 10 mM EDTA, 0.05% SDS final concentration). The product was separated from the cyclic nucleotide substrate by chromatography on BioRad Affi-Gel 601. The sample was applied to a column containing approximately 0.25 ml of Affi-Gel 601 equilibrated in column buffer (0.1M ethanolamine pH 9.0 containing 0.5M ammonium sulfate). The column was washed five times with 0.5 ml of column buffer. The product was eluted with four 0.5 ml aliquots of 0.25 acetic acid and mixed with 5 ml Ecolume (ICN Biochemicals). The radioactive product was measured by scintillation counting.

EXAMPLE 8

[0108] Analysis of expression of cGB-PDE mRNA in human tissues was carried out by RNase protection assay.

[0109] A probe corresponding to a portion of the putative cGMP binding domain of cGB-PDE (402 bp corresponding to nucleotides 1450 through 1851 of SEQ ID NO: 13) was generated by PCR. The PCR fragment was inserted into the EcoRI site of the plasmid pBSII SK(−) to generate the plasmid RP3. RP3 plasmid DNA was linearized with XbaI and antisense probes were generated by a modification of the Stratagene 17 RNA polymerase kit. Twenty-five ng of linearized plasmid was combined with 20 microcuries of alpha 32P rUTP (800 Ci/mmol, 10 mCi/ml), 1× transcription buffer (40 mM TrisCl, pH 8, 8 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM spermidine, 50 mM NaCl), 0.25 mM each rATP, rGTP and rCTP, 0.1 units of RNase Block II, 5 mM DTT, 8 μM rUTP and 5 units of T7 RNA Polymerase in a total volume of 5 μl. The reaction was allowed to proceed 1 hour at room temperature and then the DNA template was removed by digestion with RNase free DNase. The reaction was diluted into 100 μl of 40 mM TrisCl, pH 8, 6 mM MgCl₂ and 10 mM NaCl. Five units of RNase-free DNase were added and the reaction was allowed to continue another 15 minutes at 37° C. The reaction was stopped by a phenol extraction followed by a phenol chloroform extraction. One half volume of 7.5M NH₄OAc was added and the probe was ethanol precipitated.

[0110] The RNase protection assays were carried out using the Ambion RNase Protection kit (Austin, Tex.) and 10 μg RNA isolated from human tissues by an acid guanidinium extraction method. Expression of cGB-PDE mRNA was easily detected in RNA extracted from skeletal muscle, uterus, bronchus, skin, right saphenous vein, aorta and SW1088 glioblastoma cells. Barely detectable expression was found in RNA extracted from right atrium, right ventricle, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla. Only complete protection of the RP3 probe was seen. The lack of partial protection argues against the cDNA cgbL23.1 (a variant cDNA described in Example 7) representing a major transcript, at least in these RNA samples.

EXAMPLE 9

[0111] Polyclonal antisera was raised to E. coli-produced fragments of the human cGB-PDE.

[0112] A portion of the human cGB-PDE cDNA (nucleotides 1668-2612 of SEQ ID NO: 22, amino acids 515-819 of SEQ ID NO: 23) was amplified by PCR and inserted into the E. coli expression vector pGEX2T (Pharmacia) as a BamHI/EcoRI fragment. The pGEX2T plasmid carries an ampicillin resistance gene, an E. coli laq I^(q) gene and a portion of the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene. DNA inserted in the plasmid can be expressed as a fusion protein with GST and can then be cleaved from the GST portion of the protein with thrombin. The resulting plasmid, designated cgbPE3, was transformed into E. coli strain LE392 (Stratagene). Transformed cells were grown at 37° C. to an OD600 of 0.6. IPTG (isopropylthioalactopyranoside) was added to 0.1 mM and the cells were grown at 37° C. for an additional 2 hours. The cells were collected by centrifugation and lysed by sonication. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant was fractionated by SDS-PAGE. The gel was stained with cold 0.4M KCl and the GST-cgb fusion protein band was excised and electroeluted. The PDE portion of the protein was separated from the GST portion by digestion with thrombin. The digest was fractionated by SDS-PAGE, the PDE protein was electroeluted and injected subcutaneously into a rabbit. The resultant antisera recognizes both the bovine cGB-PDE fragment that was utilize as antigen and the full length human cGB-PDE protein expressed in yeast (see Example 8).

EXAMPLE 10

[0113] Polynucleotides encoding various cGB-PDE analogs and cGB-PDE fragments were generated by standard methods.

[0114] A. cGB-PDE Analogs

[0115] All known cGMP-binding PDEs contain two internally homologous tandem repeats within their putative cGMP-binding domains. In the bovine cGB-PDE of the invention, the repeats span at least residues 228-311 (repeat A) and 410-500 (repeat B of SEQ ID NO: 10. Site-directed mutagenesis of an aspartic acid that is conserved in repeats A and B of all known cGMP-binding PDEs was used to create analogs of cGB-PDE having either Asp-289 replaced with Ala (D289A) or Asp-478 replaced with Ala (D478A). Recombinant wild type (WT) bovine and mutant bovine cGB-PDEs were expressed in COS-7 cells. cGB-PDE purified from bovine lung (native cGB-PDE) and WT cGB-PDE displayed identical cGMP-binding kinetics with a K_(d) of approximately 2 μM and a curvilinear dissociation profile (t_(½)=1.3 hours at 4° C.). This curvilinearity may have been due to the presence of distinct high affinity (slow) and low affinity (fast) sites of cGMP binding. The D289A mutant had significantly decreased affinity for cGMP (K_(d)>20 μM) and a single rate of cGMP-association (t_(½)=0.5 hours), that was similar to that calculated for the site of WT and native cGB-PDE. This suggested the loss of a slow cGMP-binding site in repeat A of this mutant. Conversely, the D478A mutant showed higher affinity for cGMP (K_(d) of approximately 0.5 μM) and a single cGMP-dissociation rate (t_(½)=2.8 hours) that was similar to the calculated rate of the slow site of WT and native cGB-PDE. This suggested the loss of a fast site when repeat B was modified. These results indicate that dimeric cGB-PDE possesses two homologous but kinetically distinct cGMP-binding sites, with the conserved aspartic acid being critical for interaction with cGMP at each site. See, Colbran et al., FASEB J., 8: Abstract 2149 (May 15, 1994).

[0116] B. Amino-Terminal Truncated cGB-PDE Polypeptides

[0117] A truncated human cGB-PDE polypeptide including amino acids 516-875 of SEQ ID NO: 23 was expressed in yeast. A cDNA insert extending from the Ncol site at nucleotide 1555 of SEQ ID NO: 22 through the XhoI site at the 3′ end of SEQ ID NO: 22 was inserted into the ADH2 yeast expression vector YEpC-PADH2d [Price et al., Meth. Enzymol., 185: 308-318 (1990)] that had been digested with NcoI and SalI to generate plasmid YEpC-PADH2d HcGB. The plasmid was transformed into spheroplasts of the yeast strain yBJ2-54 (prc1-407 prb1-1122 pep4-3 leu2 trp1 ura3-52 Δpde1::URA3, HIS3 Δpde2::TRP1 cir*). The endogenous PDE genes are deleted in this strain. Cells were grown in SC-leu media with 2% glucose to 107 cells/ml, collected by filtration and grown 24 hours in YEP media containing 3% glycerol. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation and stored frozen. Cells were disrupted with glass beads and the cell homogenate was assayed for phosphodiesterase activity essentially as described in Prpic et al., Anal. Biochem., 208: 155-160 (1993). The truncated human cGB-PDE polypeptide exhibited phosphodiesterase activity.

[0118] C. Carboxy-Terminal Truncated cGB-PDE Polypeptides

[0119] Two different plasmids encoding carboxy-terminal truncated human cGB-PDE polypeptides were constructed.

[0120] Plasmid pBJ684Hin contains a cDNA encoding amino acids 1494 of SEQ ID NO: 23 inserted into the NcoI and SalI sites of vector YEpC-PADH2d. The cDNA insert extends from the NcoI site at nucleotide position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 22 through the HindIII site at nucleotide position 1494 of SEQ ID No: 22 followed by a linker and the SalI site of YEpC-PADH2d.

[0121] Plasmid pBJ6-84Ban contains a cDNA encoding amino acids 1-549 of SEQ ID NO: 23 inserted into the NcoI and SalI sites of vector YEpC-PADH2d. The cDNA insert extends from the NcoI site at nucleotide position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 22 through the BanI site at nucleotide position 1657 of SEQ ID NO: 22 followed by a linker and the SalI site of YEpC-PADH2d.

[0122] The trucated cGB-PDE polypeptides are useful for screening for modulators of CGB-PDE activity.

EXAMPLE 11

[0123] Monoclonal antibodies reactive with human cGB-PDE were generated.

[0124] Yeast yBJ2-54 containing the plasmid YEpADH2 HcGB (Example 10B) were fermented in a New Brunswick Scientific 10 liter Microferm. The cGB-PDE cDNA insert in plasmid YEpADH2 HcGB extends from the NcoI site at nucleotide 12 of SEQ ID NO: 22 to the XhoI site at the 3′ end of SEQ ID NO: 22. An inoculum of 4×10⁹ cells was added to 8 liters of media containing SC-leu, 5% glucose, trace metals, and trace vitamins. Fermentation was maintained at 26° C., agitated at 600 rpm with the standard microbial impeller, and aerated with compressed air at 10 volumes per minute. When glucose decreased to 0.3% at 24 hours post-inoculation the culture was infused with 2 liters of 5× YEP media containing 15% glycerol. At 66 hours post-inoculation the yeast from the ferment was harvested by centrifugation at 4,000× g for 30 minutes at 4° C. Total yield of biomass from this fermentation approached 350 g wet weight.

[0125] Human cGB-PDE enzyme was purified from the yeast cell pellet. Assays for PDE activity using 1 mM cGMP as substrate was employed to follow the chromatography of the enzyme. All chromatographic manipulations were performed at 4° C.

[0126] Yeast (29 g wet weight) were resuspended in 70 ml of buffer A (25 mM Tris pH 8.0, 0.25 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl₂, 10 μM ZnSO⁴, 1 mM benzamidine) and lysed by passing through a microfluidizer at 22-24,000 psi. The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000× g for 30 minutes and the supernatant was applied to a 2.6×28 cm column containing Pharmacia Fast low Q anion exchange resin equilibrated with buffer B containing 20 mM BisTris-propane pH 6.8, 0.25 mM DTT, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 10μM ZnSO₄. The column was washed with 5 column volumes of buffer B containing 0.125M NaCl and then developed with a linear gradient from 0.125 to 1.0M NaCl. Fractions containing the enzyme were pooled and applied directly to a 5×20 cm column of ceramic hydroxyapatite (BioRad) equilibrated in buffer C containing 20 mM BisTris-propane pH 6.8, 0.25 mM DTT, 0.25MKCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 10 μM ZnSO₄. The column was washed with 5 column volumes of buffer C and eluted with a linear gradient from 0 to 250 mM potassium phosphate in buffer C. The pooled enzyme was concentrated 8-fold by ultrafiltration (YM30 membrane, Amicon). The concentrated enzyme was chromatographed on a 2.6×90 cm column of Pharmacia Sephacryl S300 (Piscataway, N.J.) equilibrated in 25 mM BisTris-propane pH 6.8, 0.25 mM DTT, 0.25M NaCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 20,μM ZnSO₄. Approximately 4 mg of protein was obtained. The recombinant human cGB-PDE enzyme accounted for approximately 90% of protein obtained as judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Coomassie blue staining.

[0127] The purified protein was used as an antigen to raise monoclonal antibodies. Each of 19 week old Balb/c mice (Charles River Biotechnical Services, Inc., Wilmington, Mass.) was immunized sub-cutaneously with 50 ug purified human cGB-PDE enzyme in a 200 ul emulsion consisting of 50% Freund's complete adjuvant (Sigma Chemical Co.). Subsequent boosts on day 20 and day 43 were administered in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. A pre-fusion boost was done on day 86 using 50 ug enzyme in PBS. The fusion was performed on day 90.

[0128] The spleen from mouse #1817 was removed sterilely and placed in 10 ml serum free RPMI 1640. A single-cell suspension was formed and filtered through sterile 70 mesh Nitex cell strainer (Becton Diclinson, Parsippany, N.J.), and washed twice by centrifuging at 200 g for 5 minutes and resuspending the pellet in 20 ml serum free RPMI. Thymocytes taken from 3 naive Balb/c mice were prepared in a similar manner.

[0129] NS-1 myeloma cells, kept in log phase in RPMI with 11% Fetalclone (FBS) (Hyclone Laboratories, Inc., Logan, Utah) for three days prior to fusion, were centrifuged at 200 g for 5 minutes, and the pellet was washed twice as described in the foregoing paragraph. After washing, each cell suspension was brought to a final volume of 10 ml in serum free RPMI, and 20 μl was diluted 1:50 in 1 ml serum free RPMI. 20 μl of each dilution was removed, mixed with 20 μl 0.4% trypan blue stain in 0.85% saline (Gibco), loaded onto a hemocytometer (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Ill. ) and counted.

[0130] Two×10⁸ spleen cells were combined with 4.0×10⁷ NS-1 cells, centrifuged and the supernatant was aspirated. The cell pellet was dislodged by tapping the tube and 2 ml of 37° C. PEG 1500 (50% in 75 mM Hepes, pH 8.0) (Boehringer Mannheim) was added with stirring over the course of 1 minute, followed by adding 14 ml of serum free RPMI over 7 minutes. An additional 16 ml RPMI was added and the cells were centrifuged at 200 g for 10 minutes. After discarding the supernatant, the pellet was resuspended in 200 ml RPMI containing 15% FBS, 100 FM sodium hypoxanthine, 0.4 μM aminopterin, 16 μM thymidine (HAT) (Gibco), 25 units/ml IL-6 (Boehringer Mannheim) and 1.5×10⁶ thymocytes/ml. The suspension was first placed in a T225 flask (Corning, United Kingdom) at 37° C. for two hours before being dispensed into ten 96-well flat bottom tissue culture plates (Corning, United Kingdom) at 200 μl/well. Cells in plates were fed on days 3, 4, 5 post fusion day by aspirating approximately 100 μl from each well with an 20 G needle (Becton Dickinson), and adding 100 μl/well plating medium described above except containing 10 units/ml IL-6 and lacking thymocytes.

[0131] The fusion was screened initially by ELISA. Immulon 4 plates (Dynatech) were coated at 4° C. overnight with purified recombinant human cGB-PDE enzyme (100 ng/well in 50 mM carbonate buffer pH9.6). The plates were washed 3× with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST). The supernatants from the individual hybridoma wells were added to the enzyme coated wells (50 μl/well). After incubation at 37° C. for 30 minutes, and washing as above, 50 μl of horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG(fc) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, Pa.) diluted 1:3500 in PBST was added. Plates were incubated as above, washed 4× with PBST and 100 μl substrate consisting of 1 mg/ml o-phenylene diamine (Sigma) and 0.1 μl/ml 30% H₂O₂ in 100 mM citrate, pH 4.5, was added. The color reaction was stopped in 5 minutes with the addition of 50 μl of 15% H₂SO₄. A₄₉₀ was read on a plate reader (Dynatech).

[0132] Wells C5G, E4D, F1G, F9H, F11G, J4A, and J5D were picked and renamed 102A, 102B, 102C, 102D, 102E, 102F, and 102G respectively, cloned two or three times, successively, by doubling dilution in RPMI, 15% FBS, 100 μM sodium hypoxanathine, 16 μM thymidine, and 10 units/ml IL-6. Wells of clone plates were scored visually after 4 days and the number of colonies in the least dense wells were recorded. Selected wells of the each cloning were tested by ELISA.

[0133] The monoclonal antibodies produced by above hybridomas were isotyped in an ELISA assay. Results showed that monoclonal antibodies 102A to 102E were IgG1, 102F was IgG2b and 102G was IgG2a.

[0134] All seven monoclonal antibodies reacted with human cGS-PDE as determined by Western analysis.

EXAMPLE 12

[0135] Developing modulators of the biological activities of specific PDEs requires differentiating PDE isozymes present in a particular assay preparation. The classical enzymological approach of isolating PDEs from natural tissue sources and studying each new isozyme is hampered by the limits of purification techniques and the inability to definitively assess whether complete resolution of a isozyme has been achieved. Another approach has been to identify assay conditions which might favor the contribution of one isozyme and minimize the contribution of others in a preparation. Still another approach has been the separation of PDEs by immunological means. Each of the foregoing approaches for differentiating PDE isozymes is time consuming and technically difficult. As a result many attempts to develop selective PDE modulators have been performed with preparations containing more than one isozyme. Moreover, PDE preparations from natural tissue sources are susceptible to limited proteolysis and may contain mixtures of active proteolytic products that have different kinetic, regulatory and physiological properties than the full length PDEs.

[0136] Recombinant cGB-PDE polypeptide products of the invention greatly facilitate the development of new and specific cGB-PDE modulators. The use of human recombinant enzymes for screening for modulators has many inherent advantages. The need for purification of an isozyme can be avoided by expressing it recombinant in a host cell that lacks endogenous phosphodiesterase activity (e.g., yeast strain YKS45 deposited as ATCC 74225). Screening compounds against human protein avoids complications that often arise from screening against non-human protein where a compound optimized on a non-human protein may fail to be specific for or react with the human protein. For example, a single amino acid difference between the human and rodent 5HT_(1B) serotonin receptors accounts for the difference in binding of a compound to the receptors. [See Oskenberg et al.; Nature, 360: 161-163 (1992)]. Once a compound that modulates the activity of the cGB-PDE is discovered, its selectivity can be evaluated by comparing its activity on the cGB-PDE to its activity on other PDE isozymes. Thus, the combination of the recombinant cGB-PDE products of the invention with other recombinant PDE products in a series of independent assays provides a system for developing selective modulators of cGB-PDE. Selective modulators may include, for example, antibodies and other proteins or peptides which specifically bind to the cGB-PDE or cGB-PDE nucleic acid, oligonucleotides which specifically bind to the cGB-PDE (see Patent Cooperation Treaty International Publication No. WO93/05182 published Mar. 18, 1993 which describes methods for selecting oligonucleotides which selectively bind to target biomolecules) or cGB-PDE nucleic acid (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides) and other non-peptide natural or synthetic compounds which specifically bind to the cGB-PDE or cGB-PDE nucleic acid. Mutant forms of the cGB-PDE which alter the enzymatic activity of the cGB-PDE or its localization in a cell are also contemplated. Crystallization of recombinant cGB-PDE alone and bound to a modulator, analysis of atomic structure by X-ray crystallography, and computer modelling of those structures are methods useful for designing and optimizing non-peptide selective modulators. See, for example, Erickson et al., Ann. Rep. Med. Chem., 27: 271-289 (1992) for a general review of structure-based drug design.

[0137] Targets for the development of selective modulators include, for example: (1) the regions of the cGB-PDE which contact other proteins and/or localize the cGB-PDE within a cell, (2) the regions of the cGB-PDE which bind substrate, (3) the allosteric cGMP-binding site(s) of cGB-PDE, (4) the metal-binding regions of the cGB-PDE, (5) the phosphorylation site(s) of cGB-PDE and (6) the regions of the cGB-PDE which are involved in dimerization of cGB-PDE subunits.

[0138] While the present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is understood that variations and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, only such limitations as appear in the appended claims should be placed on the invention.

1 23 20 amino acids amino acid linear peptide 1 Arg Glu Xaa Asp Ala Asn Arg Ile Asn Tyr Met Tyr Ala Gln Tyr Val 1 5 10 15 Lys Asn Thr Met 20 9 amino acids amino acid linear peptide 2 Gln Ser Leu Ala Ala Ala Val Val Pro 1 5 8 amino acids amino acid linear peptide 3 Phe Asp Asn Asp Glu Gly Glu Gln 1 5 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 4 TTYGAYAAYG AYGARGGNGA RCA 23 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA YES 5 AARCTRTTRC TRCTYCCNCT YGT 23 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 6 AAYTAYATGT AYGCNCARTA YGT 23 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA YES 7 TTRATRTACA TRCGNGTYAT RCA 23 36 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA YES 8 TTRATRTACA TRCGNGTYAT RCANTTYTTR TGNTAC 36 4474 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA CDS 99..2723 9 GGGAGGGTCT CGAGGCGAGT TCTGCTCCTC GGAGGGAGGG ACCCCAGCTG GAGTGGAAAA 60 CCAGCACCAG CTGACCGCAG AGACACGCCG CGCTGATC ATG GAG AGG GCC GGC 113 Met Glu Arg Ala Gly 1 5 CCC GGC TCC GCG CGG CCG CAA CAG CAA TGG GAC CAG GAC TCG GTC GAA 161 Pro Gly Ser Ala Arg Pro Gln Gln Gln Trp Asp Gln Asp Ser Val Glu 10 15 20 GCG TGG CTG GAC GAT CAC TGG GAC TTT ACC TTC TCT TAC TTT GTT AGG 209 Ala Trp Leu Asp Asp His Trp Asp Phe Thr Phe Ser Tyr Phe Val Arg 25 30 35 AAA GGC ACC AGA GAA ATG GTC AAC GCA TGG TTT GCT GAG AGA GTT CAC 257 Lys Gly Thr Arg Glu Met Val Asn Ala Trp Phe Ala Glu Arg Val His 40 45 50 ACC ATT CCT GTG TGC AAG GAA GGA ATC AAG GGC CAC ACG GAA TCC TGC 305 Thr Ile Pro Val Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile Lys Gly His Thr Glu Ser Cys 55 60 65 TCT TGC CCC TTG CAG CCA AGT CCC CGT GCA GAG AGC AGT GTC CCT GGA 353 Ser Cys Pro Leu Gln Pro Ser Pro Arg Ala Glu Ser Ser Val Pro Gly 70 75 80 85 ACA CCA ACC AGG AAG ATC TCT GCC TCT GAA TTC GAT CGG CCG CTT AGA 401 Thr Pro Thr Arg Lys Ile Ser Ala Ser Glu Phe Asp Arg Pro Leu Arg 90 95 100 CCC ATC GTT ATC AAG GAT TCT GAG GGA ACT GTG AGC TTC CTC TCT GAC 449 Pro Ile Val Ile Lys Asp Ser Glu Gly Thr Val Ser Phe Leu Ser Asp 105 110 115 TCA GAC AAG AAG GAA CAG ATG CCT CTA ACC TCC CCA CGG TTT GAT AAT 497 Ser Asp Lys Lys Glu Gln Met Pro Leu Thr Ser Pro Arg Phe Asp Asn 120 125 130 GAT GAA GGG GAC CAG TGC TCG AGA CTC TTG GAA TTA GTG AAA GAT ATT 545 Asp Glu Gly Asp Gln Cys Ser Arg Leu Leu Glu Leu Val Lys Asp Ile 135 140 145 TCT AGT CAC TTG GAT GTC ACA GCC TTA TGT CAC AAA ATT TTC TTG CAC 593 Ser Ser His Leu Asp Val Thr Ala Leu Cys His Lys Ile Phe Leu His 150 155 160 165 ATC CAT GGA CTC ATC TCC GCC GAC CGC TAC TCC TTA TTC CTC GTC TGT 641 Ile His Gly Leu Ile Ser Ala Asp Arg Tyr Ser Leu Phe Leu Val Cys 170 175 180 GAG GAC AGC TCC AAC GAC AAG TTT CTT ATC AGC CGC CTC TTT GAT GTT 689 Glu Asp Ser Ser Asn Asp Lys Phe Leu Ile Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Val 185 190 195 GCA GAA GGT TCA ACA CTG GAA GAA GCT TCA AAC AAC TGC ATC CGC TTA 737 Ala Glu Gly Ser Thr Leu Glu Glu Ala Ser Asn Asn Cys Ile Arg Leu 200 205 210 GAG TGG AAC AAA GGC ATC GTG GGA CAC GTG GCC GCT TTT GGC GAG CCC 785 Glu Trp Asn Lys Gly Ile Val Gly His Val Ala Ala Phe Gly Glu Pro 215 220 225 TTG AAC ATC AAA GAC GCC TAT GAG GAT CCT CGA TTC AAT GCA GAA GTT 833 Leu Asn Ile Lys Asp Ala Tyr Glu Asp Pro Arg Phe Asn Ala Glu Val 230 235 240 245 GAC CAA ATT ACA GGC TAC AAG ACA CAA AGT ATT CTT TGT ATG CCA ATT 881 Asp Gln Ile Thr Gly Tyr Lys Thr Gln Ser Ile Leu Cys Met Pro Ile 250 255 260 AAG AAT CAT AGG GAA GAG GTT GTT GGT GTA GCC CAG GCC ATC AAC AAG 929 Lys Asn His Arg Glu Glu Val Val Gly Val Ala Gln Ala Ile Asn Lys 265 270 275 AAA TCA GGA AAT GGT GGG ACA TTC ACT GAA AAA GAC GAA AAG GAC TTT 977 Lys Ser Gly Asn Gly Gly Thr Phe Thr Glu Lys Asp Glu Lys Asp Phe 280 285 290 GCT GCT TAC TTG GCA TTT TGT GGA ATT GTT CTT CAT AAT GCT CAA CTC 1025 Ala Ala Tyr Leu Ala Phe Cys Gly Ile Val Leu His Asn Ala Gln Leu 295 300 305 TAT GAG ACT TCA CTG CTG GAG AAC AAG AGA AAT CAG GTG CTG CTT GAC 1073 Tyr Glu Thr Ser Leu Leu Glu Asn Lys Arg Asn Gln Val Leu Leu Asp 310 315 320 325 CTT GCT AGC TTA ATT TTT GAA GAA CAA CAA TCA TTA GAA GTA ATT CTA 1121 Leu Ala Ser Leu Ile Phe Glu Glu Gln Gln Ser Leu Glu Val Ile Leu 330 335 340 AAG AAA ATA GCT GCC ACT ATT ATC TCT TTC ATG CAG GTG CAG AAA TGC 1169 Lys Lys Ile Ala Ala Thr Ile Ile Ser Phe Met Gln Val Gln Lys Cys 345 350 355 ACC ATT TTC ATA GTG GAT GAA GAT TGC TCC GAT TCT TTT TCT AGT GTG 1217 Thr Ile Phe Ile Val Asp Glu Asp Cys Ser Asp Ser Phe Ser Ser Val 360 365 370 TTT CAC ATG GAG TGT GAG GAA TTA GAA AAA TCG TCA GAT ACT TTA ACA 1265 Phe His Met Glu Cys Glu Glu Leu Glu Lys Ser Ser Asp Thr Leu Thr 375 380 385 CGG GAA CGT GAT GCA AAC AGA ATC AAT TAC ATG TAT GCT CAG TAT GTC 1313 Arg Glu Arg Asp Ala Asn Arg Ile Asn Tyr Met Tyr Ala Gln Tyr Val 390 395 400 405 AAA AAT ACC ATG GAA CCA CTT AAT ATC CCA GAC GTC AGT AAG GAC AAA 1361 Lys Asn Thr Met Glu Pro Leu Asn Ile Pro Asp Val Ser Lys Asp Lys 410 415 420 AGA TTT CCC TGG ACA AAT GAA AAC ATG GGA AAT ATA AAC CAG CAG TGC 1409 Arg Phe Pro Trp Thr Asn Glu Asn Met Gly Asn Ile Asn Gln Gln Cys 425 430 435 ATT AGA AGT TTG CTT TGT ACA CCT ATA AAA AAT GGA AAG AAG AAC AAA 1457 Ile Arg Ser Leu Leu Cys Thr Pro Ile Lys Asn Gly Lys Lys Asn Lys 440 445 450 GTG ATA GGG GTT TGC CAA CTT GTT AAT AAG ATG GAG GAA ACC ACT GGC 1505 Val Ile Gly Val Cys Gln Leu Val Asn Lys Met Glu Glu Thr Thr Gly 455 460 465 AAA GTT AAG GCT TTC AAC CGC AAC GAT GAA CAG TTT CTG GAA GCT TTC 1553 Lys Val Lys Ala Phe Asn Arg Asn Asp Glu Gln Phe Leu Glu Ala Phe 470 475 480 485 GTC ATC TTT TGT GGC TTG GGG ATC CAG AAC ACA CAG ATG TAC GAA GCA 1601 Val Ile Phe Cys Gly Leu Gly Ile Gln Asn Thr Gln Met Tyr Glu Ala 490 495 500 GTG GAG AGA GCC ATG GCC AAG CAA ATG GTC ACG TTA GAG GTT CTG TCT 1649 Val Glu Arg Ala Met Ala Lys Gln Met Val Thr Leu Glu Val Leu Ser 505 510 515 TAT CAT GCT TCA GCT GCA GAG GAA GAA ACC AGA GAG CTG CAG TCC TTA 1697 Tyr His Ala Ser Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Thr Arg Glu Leu Gln Ser Leu 520 525 530 GCG GCT GCT GTG GTA CCA TCT GCC CAG ACC CTT AAA ATC ACT GAC TTC 1745 Ala Ala Ala Val Val Pro Ser Ala Gln Thr Leu Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe 535 540 545 AGC TTC AGC GAC TTT GAG CTG TCT GAC CTG GAA ACA GCA CTG TGC ACA 1793 Ser Phe Ser Asp Phe Glu Leu Ser Asp Leu Glu Thr Ala Leu Cys Thr 550 555 560 565 ATC CGG ATG TTC ACT GAC CTC AAC CTT GTG CAG AAC TTC CAG ATG AAA 1841 Ile Arg Met Phe Thr Asp Leu Asn Leu Val Gln Asn Phe Gln Met Lys 570 575 580 CAT GAG GTC CTT TGC AAG TGG ATT TTA AGT GTG AAG AAG AAC TAT CGG 1889 His Glu Val Leu Cys Lys Trp Ile Leu Ser Val Lys Lys Asn Tyr Arg 585 590 595 AAG AAC GTC GCC TAT CAT AAT TGG AGA CAT GCC TTT AAT ACA GCT CAG 1937 Lys Asn Val Ala Tyr His Asn Trp Arg His Ala Phe Asn Thr Ala Gln 600 605 610 TGC ATG TTT GCG GCA CTA AAA GCA GGC AAA ATT CAG AAG AGG CTG ACG 1985 Cys Met Phe Ala Ala Leu Lys Ala Gly Lys Ile Gln Lys Arg Leu Thr 615 620 625 GAC CTG GAG ATA CTT GCA CTG CTG ATT GCT GCC TTA AGC CAT GAT CTG 2033 Asp Leu Glu Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Ile Ala Ala Leu Ser His Asp Leu 630 635 640 645 GAT CAC CGT GGT GTC AAT AAC TCA TAC ATA CAG CGA AGT GAA CAC CCA 2081 Asp His Arg Gly Val Asn Asn Ser Tyr Ile Gln Arg Ser Glu His Pro 650 655 660 CTT GCT CAG CTC TAC TGC CAT TCA ATC ATG GAG CAT CAT CAT TTT GAT 2129 Leu Ala Gln Leu Tyr Cys His Ser Ile Met Glu His His His Phe Asp 665 670 675 CAG TGC CTG ATG ATC CTT AAT AGT CCT GGC AAT CAG ATT CTC AGT GGC 2177 Gln Cys Leu Met Ile Leu Asn Ser Pro Gly Asn Gln Ile Leu Ser Gly 680 685 690 CTC TCC ATT GAA GAG TAT AAG ACC ACC CTG AAG ATC ATC AAG CAA GCT 2225 Leu Ser Ile Glu Glu Tyr Lys Thr Thr Leu Lys Ile Ile Lys Gln Ala 695 700 705 ATT TTA GCC ACA GAC CTA GCA CTG TAC ATA AAG AGA CGA GGA GAA TTT 2273 Ile Leu Ala Thr Asp Leu Ala Leu Tyr Ile Lys Arg Arg Gly Glu Phe 710 715 720 725 TTT GAA CTT ATA ATG AAA AAT CAA TTC AAT TTG GAA GAT CCT CAT CAA 2321 Phe Glu Leu Ile Met Lys Asn Gln Phe Asn Leu Glu Asp Pro His Gln 730 735 740 AAG GAG TTG TTT TTA GCG ATG CTG ATG ACA GCT TGT GAT CTT TCT GCA 2369 Lys Glu Leu Phe Leu Ala Met Leu Met Thr Ala Cys Asp Leu Ser Ala 745 750 755 ATT ACA AAA CCC TGG CCT ATT CAA CAA CGG ATA GCA GAA CTT GTT GCC 2417 Ile Thr Lys Pro Trp Pro Ile Gln Gln Arg Ile Ala Glu Leu Val Ala 760 765 770 ACT GAA TTT TTT GAC CAA GGA GAT AGA GAG AGG AAA GAA CTC AAC ATA 2465 Thr Glu Phe Phe Asp Gln Gly Asp Arg Glu Arg Lys Glu Leu Asn Ile 775 780 785 GAG CCC GCT GAT CTA ATG AAC CGG GAG AAG AAA AAC AAA ATC CCA AGT 2513 Glu Pro Ala Asp Leu Met Asn Arg Glu Lys Lys Asn Lys Ile Pro Ser 790 795 800 805 ATG CAA GTT GGA TTC ATA GAT GCC ATC TGC TTG CAA CTG TAT GAG GCC 2561 Met Gln Val Gly Phe Ile Asp Ala Ile Cys Leu Gln Leu Tyr Glu Ala 810 815 820 TTG ACC CAT GTG TCG GAG GAC TGT TTC CCT TTG CTG GAC GGC TGC AGA 2609 Leu Thr His Val Ser Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Leu Leu Asp Gly Cys Arg 825 830 835 AAG AAC AGG CAG AAA TGG CAG GCT CTT GCA GAA CAG CAG GAG AAG ACA 2657 Lys Asn Arg Gln Lys Trp Gln Ala Leu Ala Glu Gln Gln Glu Lys Thr 840 845 850 CTG ATC AAT GGT GAA AGC AGC CAG ACC AAC CGA CAG CAA CGG AAT TCC 2705 Leu Ile Asn Gly Glu Ser Ser Gln Thr Asn Arg Gln Gln Arg Asn Ser 855 860 865 GTT GCT GTC GGG ACA GTG TAGCCAGGTG TATCAGATGA GTGAGTGTGT 2753 Val Ala Val Gly Thr Val 870 875 GCTCAGCTCA GTCCTCTGCA ACACCATGAA GCTAGGCATT CCAGCTTAAT TCCTGCAG 2813 GACTTTAAAA AACTGGCATA AAGCACTAGT CAGCATCTAG TTCTAGCTTG ACCAGTGA 2873 AGTAGAACAC CACCACAGTC AGGGTGCAGA GCAGTTGGCA GTCTCCTTTC GAACCCAG 2933 TGGTGAATTT AAAGAAGAGC AGTCGTCGTT TATATCTCTG TCTTTTCCTA AGCGGGGT 2993 GGAATCTCTA AGAGGAGAGA GAGATCTGGA CCACAGGTCC AATGCGCTCT GTCCTCTC 3053 CTGCTTCCCC CACTGTGCTG TGACCTCTCA ATCTGAGAAA CGTGTAAGGA AGGTTTCA 3113 GAATTCCCTT TAAAATGTGT CAGACAGTAG CTTCTTGGGC CGGGTTGTTC CCGCAGCT 3173 CCATCTGTTT GTTGTCTATC TTGGCTGAAA GAGGCTTTGC TGTACCTGCC ACACTCTC 3233 GGATCCCTGT CCAGTAGCTG ATCAAAAAAA AGGATGTGAA ATTCTCGTGT GACTTTTT 3293 AAAAGGAAAG TGACCCCGAG GATCGGTGTG GATTCACTAG TTGTCCACAG ATGATCTG 3353 TAGTTTCTAG AATTTTCCAA GATGATACAC TCCTCCCTAG TCTAGGGGTC AGACCCTG 3413 TGGTGGCTGT GACCCTTGAG GAACTTCTCT CTTTGCATGA CATTAGCCAT AGAACTGT 3473 TTGTCCAAAT ACACAGCTCA TATGCAGCTT GCAGGAAACA CTTTAAAAAC ACAACTAT 3533 CCTATGTTAT TCTGATTACA GAAGTTATCC CTACTCACTG TAAACATAAA CAAAGCCC 3593 CAAACTTCAA ATAGTTGTGT GTGGTGAGAA ACTGCAAGTT TTCATCTCCA GAGATAGC 3653 TAGGTAATAA GTGGGATGTT TCTGAAACTT TTAAAAATAA TCTTTTACAT ATATGTTA 3713 TGTTTTCTTA TGAGCACTAT GGTTTGTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TGCTCTGCTT TGACTTGC 3773 TTTTCACTCA ATTATCTTGG CAGTTTTTCT AAATGACTTG CACAGACTTC TCCTGTAC 3833 CATGGCTGTG CAGTGTTCCA TGCTGTGAGG GCACCATCGT GTATTAAATC AGTTCCCT 3893 TCACACATAG GTGAGCTGGT TGGAAATTTT TACCATTAAA AAACCACTTT CCCACATT 3953 TGCTTTCTAA TCTGGCACAG GATGCTTCTT TTTTTCCCCT TTTTCTCTGT TTAATTAT 4013 GAAATGGGAT CTGTGGGATC CTCGTTCCCT GGCACCTAGC TGCTCTCAAC GTGGCCTG 4073 GCCAGCAGCA TTGGCTAGAC CTGGGGGCTT GTTGGGAACG GAGACCCTCT GCCCTGCC 4133 TGGCCTGCTG ACAAGGACCT GCATTTTGCT GAGCTCCCAG TGACCCTGGT GTTTAATT 4193 TAACCATTGA AAAAAATCAA ACTATAGTTT ATTTACAATG TTGTGTTAAT TTCGGGTG 4253 CAGCAAAGTG ACTCAGTGGT CAAGTACATT TAAAACACTG GGCATACTCT CTCCCTCT 4313 TTGTGTACCT GGTTGGTATT TCCAGAAACC ATGCTCTTGT CTGTCCTGTA GTTTTGGA 4373 CGCTTTCTCT TTGAAGACTG CCTTCTCTCC TCTGTCTGCC CTACATGGAC TAGTTCGT 4433 ATTGTCCTAC ATGGCTTTGC TTCCATGTTC CTCTCAACTT T 4474 875 amino acids amino acid linear protein 10 Met Glu Arg Ala Gly Pro Gly Ser Ala Arg Pro Gln Gln Gln Trp Asp 1 5 10 15 Gln Asp Ser Val Glu Ala Trp Leu Asp Asp His Trp Asp Phe Thr Phe 20 25 30 Ser Tyr Phe Val Arg Lys Gly Thr Arg Glu Met Val Asn Ala Trp Phe 35 40 45 Ala Glu Arg Val His Thr Ile Pro Val Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile Lys Gly 50 55 60 His Thr Glu Ser Cys Ser Cys Pro Leu Gln Pro Ser Pro Arg Ala Glu 65 70 75 80 Ser Ser Val Pro Gly Thr Pro Thr Arg Lys Ile Ser Ala Ser Glu Phe 85 90 95 Asp Arg Pro Leu Arg Pro Ile Val Ile Lys Asp Ser Glu Gly Thr Val 100 105 110 Ser Phe Leu Ser Asp Ser Asp Lys Lys Glu Gln Met Pro Leu Thr Ser 115 120 125 Pro Arg Phe Asp Asn Asp Glu Gly Asp Gln Cys Ser Arg Leu Leu Glu 130 135 140 Leu Val Lys Asp Ile Ser Ser His Leu Asp Val Thr Ala Leu Cys His 145 150 155 160 Lys Ile Phe Leu His Ile His Gly Leu Ile Ser Ala Asp Arg Tyr Ser 165 170 175 Leu Phe Leu Val Cys Glu Asp Ser Ser Asn Asp Lys Phe Leu Ile Ser 180 185 190 Arg Leu Phe Asp Val Ala Glu Gly Ser Thr Leu Glu Glu Ala Ser Asn 195 200 205 Asn Cys Ile Arg Leu Glu Trp Asn Lys Gly Ile Val Gly His Val Ala 210 215 220 Ala Phe Gly Glu Pro Leu Asn Ile Lys Asp Ala Tyr Glu Asp Pro Arg 225 230 235 240 Phe Asn Ala Glu Val Asp Gln Ile Thr Gly Tyr Lys Thr Gln Ser Ile 245 250 255 Leu Cys Met Pro Ile Lys Asn His Arg Glu Glu Val Val Gly Val Ala 260 265 270 Gln Ala Ile Asn Lys Lys Ser Gly Asn Gly Gly Thr Phe Thr Glu Lys 275 280 285 Asp Glu Lys Asp Phe Ala Ala Tyr Leu Ala Phe Cys Gly Ile Val Leu 290 295 300 His Asn Ala Gln Leu Tyr Glu Thr Ser Leu Leu Glu Asn Lys Arg Asn 305 310 315 320 Gln Val Leu Leu Asp Leu Ala Ser Leu Ile Phe Glu Glu Gln Gln Ser 325 330 335 Leu Glu Val Ile Leu Lys Lys Ile Ala Ala Thr Ile Ile Ser Phe Met 340 345 350 Gln Val Gln Lys Cys Thr Ile Phe Ile Val Asp Glu Asp Cys Ser Asp 355 360 365 Ser Phe Ser Ser Val Phe His Met Glu Cys Glu Glu Leu Glu Lys Ser 370 375 380 Ser Asp Thr Leu Thr Arg Glu Arg Asp Ala Asn Arg Ile Asn Tyr Met 385 390 395 400 Tyr Ala Gln Tyr Val Lys Asn Thr Met Glu Pro Leu Asn Ile Pro Asp 405 410 415 Val Ser Lys Asp Lys Arg Phe Pro Trp Thr Asn Glu Asn Met Gly Asn 420 425 430 Ile Asn Gln Gln Cys Ile Arg Ser Leu Leu Cys Thr Pro Ile Lys Asn 435 440 445 Gly Lys Lys Asn Lys Val Ile Gly Val Cys Gln Leu Val Asn Lys Met 450 455 460 Glu Glu Thr Thr Gly Lys Val Lys Ala Phe Asn Arg Asn Asp Glu Gln 465 470 475 480 Phe Leu Glu Ala Phe Val Ile Phe Cys Gly Leu Gly Ile Gln Asn Thr 485 490 495 Gln Met Tyr Glu Ala Val Glu Arg Ala Met Ala Lys Gln Met Val Thr 500 505 510 Leu Glu Val Leu Ser Tyr His Ala Ser Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Thr Arg 515 520 525 Glu Leu Gln Ser Leu Ala Ala Ala Val Val Pro Ser Ala Gln Thr Leu 530 535 540 Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe Ser Phe Ser Asp Phe Glu Leu Ser Asp Leu Glu 545 550 555 560 Thr Ala Leu Cys Thr Ile Arg Met Phe Thr Asp Leu Asn Leu Val Gln 565 570 575 Asn Phe Gln Met Lys His Glu Val Leu Cys Lys Trp Ile Leu Ser Val 580 585 590 Lys Lys Asn Tyr Arg Lys Asn Val Ala Tyr His Asn Trp Arg His Ala 595 600 605 Phe Asn Thr Ala Gln Cys Met Phe Ala Ala Leu Lys Ala Gly Lys Ile 610 615 620 Gln Lys Arg Leu Thr Asp Leu Glu Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Ile Ala Ala 625 630 635 640 Leu Ser His Asp Leu Asp His Arg Gly Val Asn Asn Ser Tyr Ile Gln 645 650 655 Arg Ser Glu His Pro Leu Ala Gln Leu Tyr Cys His Ser Ile Met Glu 660 665 670 His His His Phe Asp Gln Cys Leu Met Ile Leu Asn Ser Pro Gly Asn 675 680 685 Gln Ile Leu Ser Gly Leu Ser Ile Glu Glu Tyr Lys Thr Thr Leu Lys 690 695 700 Ile Ile Lys Gln Ala Ile Leu Ala Thr Asp Leu Ala Leu Tyr Ile Lys 705 710 715 720 Arg Arg Gly Glu Phe Phe Glu Leu Ile Met Lys Asn Gln Phe Asn Leu 725 730 735 Glu Asp Pro His Gln Lys Glu Leu Phe Leu Ala Met Leu Met Thr Ala 740 745 750 Cys Asp Leu Ser Ala Ile Thr Lys Pro Trp Pro Ile Gln Gln Arg Ile 755 760 765 Ala Glu Leu Val Ala Thr Glu Phe Phe Asp Gln Gly Asp Arg Glu Arg 770 775 780 Lys Glu Leu Asn Ile Glu Pro Ala Asp Leu Met Asn Arg Glu Lys Lys 785 790 795 800 Asn Lys Ile Pro Ser Met Gln Val Gly Phe Ile Asp Ala Ile Cys Leu 805 810 815 Gln Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu Thr His Val Ser Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Leu 820 825 830 Leu Asp Gly Cys Arg Lys Asn Arg Gln Lys Trp Gln Ala Leu Ala Glu 835 840 845 Gln Gln Glu Lys Thr Leu Ile Asn Gly Glu Ser Ser Gln Thr Asn Arg 850 855 860 Gln Gln Arg Asn Ser Val Ala Val Gly Thr Val 865 870 875 2060 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 11 GCGGCCGCGC TCCGGCCGCT TTGTCGAAAG CCGGCCCGAC TGGAGCAGGA CGAAGGGGGA 60 GGGTCTCGAG GCCGAGTCCT GTTCTTCTGA GGGACGGACC CCAGCTGGGG TGGAAAAGC 120 GTACCAGAGA GCCTCCGAGG CGCGCGGTGC CAACCATGGA GCGGGCCGGC CCCAGCTTC 180 GGCAGCAGCG ACAGCAGCAG CAGCCCCAGC AGCAGAAGCA GCAGCAGAGG GATCAGGAC 240 CGGTCGAAGC ATGGCTGGAC GATCACTGGG ACTTTACCTT CTCATACTTT GTTAGAAAA 300 CCACCAGAGA AATGGTCAAT GCATGGTTTG CTGAGAGAGT TCACACCATC CCTGTGTGC 360 AGGAAGGTAT CAGAGGCCAC ACCGAATCTT GCTCTTGTCC CTTGCAGCAG AGTCCTCGT 420 CAGATAACAG TGTCCCTGGA ACACCAACCA GGAAAATCTC TGCCTCTGAA TTTGACCGG 480 CTCTTAGACC CATTGTTGTC AAGGATTCTG AGGGAACTGT GAGCTTCCTC TCTGACTCA 540 AAAAGAAGGA ACAGATGCCT CTAACCCCTC CAAGGTTTGA TCATGATGAA GGGGACCAG 600 GCTCAAGACT CTTGGAATTA GTGAAGGATA TTTCTAGTCA TTTGGATGTC ACAGCCTTA 660 GTCACAAAAT TTTCTTGCAT ATCCATGGAC TGATATCTGC TGACCGCTAT TCCCTGTTC 720 TTGTCTGTGA AGACAGCTCC AATGACAAGT TTCTTATCAG CCGCCTCTTT GATGTTGCT 780 AAGGTTCAAC ACTGGAAGAA GTTTCAAATA ACTGTATCCG CTTAGAATGG AACAAAGGC 840 TTGTGGGACA TGTGGCAGCG CTTGGTGAGC CCTTGAACAT CAAAGATGCA TATGAGGAT 900 CTCGGTTCAA TGCAGAAGTT GACCAAATTA CAGGCTACAA GACACAAAGC ATTCTTTGT 960 TGCCAATTAA GAATCATAGG GAAGAGGTTG TTGGTGTAGC CCAGGCCATC AACAAGAA 1020 CAGGAAACGG TGGGACATTT ACTGAAAAAG ATGAAAAGGA CTTTGCTGCT TATTTGGC 1080 TTTGTGGTAT TGTTCTTCAT AATGCTCAGC TCTATGAGAC TTCACTGCTG GAGAACAA 1140 GAAATCAGGT GCTGCTTGAC CTTGCTAGTT TAATTTTTGA AGAACAACAA TCATTAGA 1200 TAATTTTGAA GAAAATAGCT GCCACTATTA TCTCTTTCAT GCAAGTGCAG AAATGCAC 1260 TTTTCATAGT GGATGAAGAT TGCTCCGATT CTTTTTCTAG TGTGTTTCAC ATGGAGTG 1320 AGGAATTAGA AAAATCATCT GATACATTAA CAAGGGAACA TGATGCAAAC AAAATCAA 1380 ACATGTATGC TCAGTATGTC AAAAATACTA TGGAACCACT TTATATCCCA GATGTCAG 1440 AGGATAAAAG ATTTCCCTGG ACAACTGAAA ATACAGGAAA TGTAAACCAG CAGTGCAT 1500 GAAGTTTGCT TTGTACACCT ATAAAAAATG GAAAGAAGAA TAAAGTTATA GGGGTTTG 1560 AACTTGTTAA TAAGATGGAG GAGAATACTG GCAAGGTTAA GCCTTTCAAC CGAAATGA 1620 AACAGTTTCT GGAAGCTTTT GTCATCTTTT GTGGCTTGGG GATCCAGAAC ACGCAGAT 1680 ATGAAGCAGT GGAGAGAGCC ATGGCCAAGC AAATGGTCAC ATTGGAGGTT CTGTCGTA 1740 ATGCTTCAGC AGCAGAGGAA GAAACAAGAG AGCTACAGTC GTTAGCGGCT GCTGTGGT 1800 CATCTGCCCA GACCCTTAAA ATTACTGACT TTAGCTTCAG TGACTTTGAG CTGTCTGA 1860 TGGAAACAGC ACTGTGTACA ATTCGGATGT TTACTGACCT CAACCTTGTG CAGAACTT 1920 AGATGAAACA TGAGGTTCTT TGCAGATGGA TTTTAAGTGT TAAGAAGAAT TATCGGAA 1980 ATGTTGCCTA TCATAATTGG AGACATGCCT TTAATACAGC TCAGTGCATG TTTGCTGC 2040 TAAAAGCAGG CAAAATTCAG 2060 1982 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 12 ACAAAATTTT CTTGCATATC CATGGACTGA TATCTGCTGA CCGCTATTCC CTGTTCCTTG 60 TCTGTGAAGA CAGCTCCAAT GACAAGTTTC TTATCAGCCG CCTCTTTGAT GTTGCTGAA 120 GTTCAACACT GGAAGAAGTT TCAAATAACT GTATCCGCTT AGAATGGAAC AAAGGCATT 180 TGGGACATGT GGCAGCGCTT GGTGAGCCCT TGAACATCAA AGATGCATAT GAGGATCCT 240 GGTTCAATGC AGAAGTTGAC CAAATTACAG GCTACAAGAC ACAAAGCATT CTTTGTATG 300 CAATTAAGAA TCATAGGGAA GAGGTTGTTG GTGTAGCCCA GGCCATCAAC AAGAAATCA 360 GAAACGGTGG GACATTTACT GAAAAAGATG AAAAGGACTT TGCTGCTTAT TTGGCATTT 420 GTGGTATTGT TCTTCATAAT GCTCAGCTCT ATGAGACTTC ACTGCTGGAG AACAAGAGA 480 ATCAGGTGCT GCTTGACCTT GCTAGTTTAA TTTTTGAAGA ACAACAATCA TTAGAAGTA 540 TTTTGAAGAA AATAGCTGCC ACTATTATCT CTTTCATGCA AGTGCAGAAA TGCACCATT 600 TCATAGTGGA TGAAGATTGC TCCGATTCTT TTTCTAGTGT GTTTCACATG GAGTGTGAG 660 AATTAGAAAA ATCATCTGAT ACATTAACAA GGGAACATGA TGCAAACAAA ATCAATTAC 720 TGTATGCTCA GTATGTCAAA AATACTATGG AACCACTTAA TATCCCAGAT GTCAGTAAG 780 ATAAAAGATT TCCCTGGACA ACTGAAAATA CAGGAAATGT AAACCAGCAG TGCATTAGA 840 GTTTGCTTTG TACACCTATA AAAAATGGAA AGAAGAATAA AGTTATAGGG GTTTGCCAA 900 TTGTTAATAA GATGGAGGAG AATACTGGCA AGGTTAAGCC TTTCAACCGA AATGACGAA 960 AGTTTCTGGA AGCTTTTGTC ATCTTTTGTG GCTTGGGGAT CCAGAACACG CAGATGTA 1020 AAGCAGTGGA GAGAGCCATG GCCAAGCAAA TGGTCACATT GGAGGTTCTG TCGTATCA 1080 CTTCAGCAGC AGAGGAAGAA ACAAGAGAGC TACAGTCGTT AGCGGCTGCT GTGGTGCC 1140 CTGCCCAGAC CCTTAAAATT ACTGACTTTA GCTTCAGTGA CTTTGAGCTG TCTGATCT 1200 AAACAGCACT GTGTACAATT CGGATGTTTA CTGACCTCAA CCTTGTGCAG AACTTCCA 1260 TGAAACATGA GGTTCTTTGC AGATGGATTT TAAGTGTTAA GAAGAATTAT CGGAAGAA 1320 TTGCCTATCA TAATTGGAGA CATGCCTTTA ATACAGCTCA GTGCATGTTT GCTGCTCT 1380 AAGCAGGCAA AATTCAGAAC AAGCTGACTG ACCTGGAGAT ACTTGCATTG CTGATTGC 1440 CACTAAGCCA CGATTTGGAT CACCGTGGTG TGAATAACTC TTACATACAG CGAAGTGA 1500 ATCCACTTGC CCAGCTTTAC TGCCATTCAA TCATGGAACA CCATCATTTT GACCAGTG 1560 TGATGATTCT TAATAGTCCA GGCAATCAGA TTCTCAGTGG CCTCTCCATT GAAGAATA 1620 AGACCACGTT GAAAATAATC AAGCAAGCTA TTTTAGCTAC AGACCTAGCA CTGTACAT 1680 AGAGGCGAGG AGAATTTTTT GAACTTATAA GAAAAAATCA ATTCAATTTG GAAGATCC 1740 ATCAAAAGGA GTTGTTTTTG GCAATGCTGA TGACAGCTTG TGATCTTTCT GCAATTAC 1800 AACCCTGGCC TATTCAACAA CGGATAGCAG AACTTGTAGC AACTGAATTT TTTGATCA 1860 GAGACAGAGA GAGAAAAGAA CTCAACATAG AACCCACTGA TCTAATGAAC AGGGAGAA 1920 AAAACAAAAT CCCAAGTATG CAAGTTGGGT TCATAGATGC CATCTGCTTG CAACTGTA 1980 AG 1982 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 13 GCCACCAGAG AAATGGTC 18 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 14 ACAATGGGTC TAAGAGGC 18 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 15 TCAGTGCATG TTTGCTGC 18 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 16 TACAAACATG TTCATCAG 18 1107 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA 17 GAGACATGCC TTTAATACAG CTCAGTGCAT GTTTGCTGCT CTAAAAGCAG GCAAAATTCA 60 GAACAAGCTG ACTGACCTGG AGATACTTGC ATTGCTGATT GCTGCACTAA GCCACGATT 120 GGATCACCGT GGTGTGAATA ACTCTTACAT ACAGCGAAGT GAACATCCAC TTGCCCAGC 180 TTACTGCCAT TCAATCATGG AACACCATCA TTTTGACCAG TGCCTGATGA TTCTTAATA 240 TCCAGGCAAT CAGATTCTCA GTGGCCTCTC CATTGAAGAA TATAAGACCA CGTTGAAAA 300 AATCAAGCAA GCTATTTTAG CTACAGACCT AGCACTGTAC ATTAAGAGGC GAGGAGAAT 360 TTTTGAACTT ATAAGAAAAA ATCAATTCAA TTTGGAAGAT CCTCATCAAA AGGAGTTGT 420 TTTGGCAATG CTGATGACAG CTTGTGATCT TTCTGCAATT ACAAAACCCT GGCCTATTC 480 ACAACGGATA GCAGAACTTG TAGCAACTGA ATTTTTTGAT CAAGGAGACA GAGAGAGAA 540 AGAACTCAAC ATAGAACCCA CTGATCTAAT GAACAGGGAG AAGAAAAACA AAATCCCAA 600 TATGCAAGTT GGGTTCATAG ATGCCATCTG CTTGCAACTG TATGAGGCCC TGACCCACG 660 GTCAGAGGAC TGTTTCCCTT TGCTAGATGG CTGCAGAAAG AACAGGCAGA AATGGCAGG 720 CCTTGCAGAA CAGCAGGAGA AGATGCTGAT TAATGGGGAA AGCGGCCAGG CCAAGCGGA 780 CTGAGTGGCC TATTTCATGC AGAGTTGAAG TTTACAGAGA TGGTGTGTTC TGCAATATG 840 CTAGTTTCTT ACACACTGTC TGTATAGTGT CTGTATTTGG TATATACTTT GCCACTGCT 900 TATTTTTATT TTTGCACAAC TTTTGAGAGT ATAGCATGAA TGTTTTTAGA GGACTATTA 960 ATATTTTTTG TATATTTGTT TTATGCTACT GAACTGAAAG GATCAACAAC ATCCACTG 1020 AGCACATTGA TAAAAGCATT GTTTGTGATA TTTCGTGTAC TGCAAAGTGT ATGCAGTA 1080 CTTGCACTGA GGTTTTTTTG CTTGGGG 1107 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 18 TTTGGAAGAT CCTCATCA 18 28 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 19 ATGTCTCGAG TCAGTTCCGC TTGGCCTG 28 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 20 TACAGAATTC TGACCATGGA GCGGGCCGGC 30 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA 21 CATTCTAAGC GGATACAG 18 2645 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA CDS 12..2636 22 GAATTCTGAC C ATG GAG CGG GCC GGC CCC AGC TTC GGG CAG CAG CGA CAG 50 Met Glu Arg Ala Gly Pro Ser Phe Gly Gln Gln Arg Gln 1 5 10 CAG CAG CAG CCC CAG CAG CAG AAG CAG CAG CAG AGG GAT CAG GAC TCG 98 Gln Gln Gln Pro Gln Gln Gln Lys Gln Gln Gln Arg Asp Gln Asp Ser 15 20 25 GTC GAA GCA TGG CTG GAC GAT CAC TGG GAC TTT ACC TTC TCA TAC TTT 146 Val Glu Ala Trp Leu Asp Asp His Trp Asp Phe Thr Phe Ser Tyr Phe 30 35 40 45 GTT AGA AAA GCC ACC AGA GAA ATG GTC AAT GCA TGG TTT GCT GAG AGA 194 Val Arg Lys Ala Thr Arg Glu Met Val Asn Ala Trp Phe Ala Glu Arg 50 55 60 GTT CAC ACC ATC CCT GTG TGC AAG GAA GGT ATC AGA GGC CAC ACC GAA 242 Val His Thr Ile Pro Val Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile Arg Gly His Thr Glu 65 70 75 TCT TGC TCT TGT CCC TTG CAG CAG AGT CCT CGT GCA GAT AAC AGT GTC 290 Ser Cys Ser Cys Pro Leu Gln Gln Ser Pro Arg Ala Asp Asn Ser Val 80 85 90 CCT GGA ACA CCA ACC AGG AAA ATC TCT GCC TCT GAA TTT GAC CGG CCT 338 Pro Gly Thr Pro Thr Arg Lys Ile Ser Ala Ser Glu Phe Asp Arg Pro 95 100 105 CTT AGA CCC ATT GTT GTC AAG GAT TCT GAG GGA ACT GTG AGC TTC CTC 386 Leu Arg Pro Ile Val Val Lys Asp Ser Glu Gly Thr Val Ser Phe Leu 110 115 120 125 TCT GAC TCA GAA AAG AAG GAA CAG ATG CCT CTA ACC CCT CCA AGG TTT 434 Ser Asp Ser Glu Lys Lys Glu Gln Met Pro Leu Thr Pro Pro Arg Phe 130 135 140 GAT CAT GAT GAA GGG GAC CAG TGC TCA AGA CTC TTG GAA TTA GTG AAG 482 Asp His Asp Glu Gly Asp Gln Cys Ser Arg Leu Leu Glu Leu Val Lys 145 150 155 GAT ATT TCT AGT CAT TTG GAT GTC ACA GCC TTA TGT CAC AAA ATT TTC 530 Asp Ile Ser Ser His Leu Asp Val Thr Ala Leu Cys His Lys Ile Phe 160 165 170 TTG CAT ATC CAT GGA CTG ATA TCT GCT GAC CGC TAT TCC CTG TTC CTT 578 Leu His Ile His Gly Leu Ile Ser Ala Asp Arg Tyr Ser Leu Phe Leu 175 180 185 GTC TGT GAA GAC AGC TCC AAT GAC AAG TTT CTT ATC AGC CGC CTC TTT 626 Val Cys Glu Asp Ser Ser Asn Asp Lys Phe Leu Ile Ser Arg Leu Phe 190 195 200 205 GAT GTT GCT GAA GGT TCA ACA CTG GAA GAA GTT TCA AAT AAC TGT ATC 674 Asp Val Ala Glu Gly Ser Thr Leu Glu Glu Val Ser Asn Asn Cys Ile 210 215 220 CGC TTA GAA TGG AAC AAA GGC ATT GTG GGA CAT GTG GCA GCG CTT GGT 722 Arg Leu Glu Trp Asn Lys Gly Ile Val Gly His Val Ala Ala Leu Gly 225 230 235 GAG CCC TTG AAC ATC AAA GAT GCA TAT GAG GAT CCT CGG TTC AAT GCA 770 Glu Pro Leu Asn Ile Lys Asp Ala Tyr Glu Asp Pro Arg Phe Asn Ala 240 245 250 GAA GTT GAC CAA ATT ACA GGC TAC AAG ACA CAA AGC ATT CTT TGT ATG 818 Glu Val Asp Gln Ile Thr Gly Tyr Lys Thr Gln Ser Ile Leu Cys Met 255 260 265 CCA ATT AAG AAT CAT AGG GAA GAG GTT GTT GGT GTA GCC CAG GCC ATC 866 Pro Ile Lys Asn His Arg Glu Glu Val Val Gly Val Ala Gln Ala Ile 270 275 280 285 AAC AAG AAA TCA GGA AAC GGT GGG ACA TTT ACT GAA AAA GAT GAA AAG 914 Asn Lys Lys Ser Gly Asn Gly Gly Thr Phe Thr Glu Lys Asp Glu Lys 290 295 300 GAC TTT GCT GCT TAT TTG GCA TTT TGT GGT ATT GTT CTT CAT AAT GCT 962 Asp Phe Ala Ala Tyr Leu Ala Phe Cys Gly Ile Val Leu His Asn Ala 305 310 315 CAG CTC TAT GAG ACT TCA CTG CTG GAG AAC AAG AGA AAT CAG GTG CTG 1010 Gln Leu Tyr Glu Thr Ser Leu Leu Glu Asn Lys Arg Asn Gln Val Leu 320 325 330 CTT GAC CTT GCT AGT TTA ATT TTT GAA GAA CAA CAA TCA TTA GAA GTA 1058 Leu Asp Leu Ala Ser Leu Ile Phe Glu Glu Gln Gln Ser Leu Glu Val 335 340 345 ATT TTG AAG AAA ATA GCT GCC ACT ATT ATC TCT TTC ATG CAA GTG CAG 1106 Ile Leu Lys Lys Ile Ala Ala Thr Ile Ile Ser Phe Met Gln Val Gln 350 355 360 365 AAA TGC ACC ATT TTC ATA GTG GAT GAA GAT TGC TCC GAT TCT TTT TCT 1154 Lys Cys Thr Ile Phe Ile Val Asp Glu Asp Cys Ser Asp Ser Phe Ser 370 375 380 AGT GTG TTT CAC ATG GAG TGT GAG GAA TTA GAA AAA TCA TCT GAT ACA 1202 Ser Val Phe His Met Glu Cys Glu Glu Leu Glu Lys Ser Ser Asp Thr 385 390 395 TTA ACA AGG GAA CAT GAT GCA AAC AAA ATC AAT TAC ATG TAT GCT CAG 1250 Leu Thr Arg Glu His Asp Ala Asn Lys Ile Asn Tyr Met Tyr Ala Gln 400 405 410 TAT GTC AAA AAT ACT ATG GAA CCA CTT AAT ATC CCA GAT GTC AGT AAG 1298 Tyr Val Lys Asn Thr Met Glu Pro Leu Asn Ile Pro Asp Val Ser Lys 415 420 425 GAT AAA AGA TTT CCC TGG ACA ACT GAA AAT ACA GGA AAT GTA AAC CAG 1346 Asp Lys Arg Phe Pro Trp Thr Thr Glu Asn Thr Gly Asn Val Asn Gln 430 435 440 445 CAG TGC ATT AGA AGT TTG CTT TGT ACA CCT ATA AAA AAT GGA AAG AAG 1394 Gln Cys Ile Arg Ser Leu Leu Cys Thr Pro Ile Lys Asn Gly Lys Lys 450 455 460 AAT AAA GTT ATA GGG GTT TGC CAA CTT GTT AAT AAG ATG GAG GAG AAT 1442 Asn Lys Val Ile Gly Val Cys Gln Leu Val Asn Lys Met Glu Glu Asn 465 470 475 ACT GGC AAG GTT AAG CCT TTC AAC CGA AAT GAC GAA CAG TTT CTG GAA 1490 Thr Gly Lys Val Lys Pro Phe Asn Arg Asn Asp Glu Gln Phe Leu Glu 480 485 490 GCT TTT GTC ATC TTT TGT GGC TTG GGG ATC CAG AAC ACG CAG ATG TAT 1538 Ala Phe Val Ile Phe Cys Gly Leu Gly Ile Gln Asn Thr Gln Met Tyr 495 500 505 GAA GCA GTG GAG AGA GCC ATG GCC AAG CAA ATG GTC ACA TTG GAG GTT 1586 Glu Ala Val Glu Arg Ala Met Ala Lys Gln Met Val Thr Leu Glu Val 510 515 520 525 CTG TCG TAT CAT GCT TCA GCA GCA GAG GAA GAA ACA AGA GAG CTA CAG 1634 Leu Ser Tyr His Ala Ser Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Thr Arg Glu Leu Gln 530 535 540 TCG TTA GCG GCT GCT GTG GTG CCA TCT GCC CAG ACC CTT AAA ATT ACT 1682 Ser Leu Ala Ala Ala Val Val Pro Ser Ala Gln Thr Leu Lys Ile Thr 545 550 555 GAC TTT AGC TTC AGT GAC TTT GAG CTG TCT GAT CTG GAA ACA GCA CTG 1730 Asp Phe Ser Phe Ser Asp Phe Glu Leu Ser Asp Leu Glu Thr Ala Leu 560 565 570 TGT ACA ATT CGG ATG TTT ACT GAC CTC AAC CTT GTG CAG AAC TTC CAG 1778 Cys Thr Ile Arg Met Phe Thr Asp Leu Asn Leu Val Gln Asn Phe Gln 575 580 585 ATG AAA CAT GAG GTT CTT TGC AGA TGG ATT TTA AGT GTT AAG AAG AAT 1826 Met Lys His Glu Val Leu Cys Arg Trp Ile Leu Ser Val Lys Lys Asn 590 595 600 605 TAT CGG AAG AAT GTT GCC TAT CAT AAT TGG AGA CAT GCC TTT AAT ACA 1874 Tyr Arg Lys Asn Val Ala Tyr His Asn Trp Arg His Ala Phe Asn Thr 610 615 620 GCT CAG TGC ATG TTT GCT GCT CTA AAA GCA GGC AAA ATT CAG AAC AAG 1922 Ala Gln Cys Met Phe Ala Ala Leu Lys Ala Gly Lys Ile Gln Asn Lys 625 630 635 CTG ACT GAC CTG GAG ATA CTT GCA TTG CTG ATT GCT GCA CTA AGC CAC 1970 Leu Thr Asp Leu Glu Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Ile Ala Ala Leu Ser His 640 645 650 GAT TTG GAT CAC CGT GGT GTG AAT AAC TCT TAC ATA CAG CGA AGT GAA 2018 Asp Leu Asp His Arg Gly Val Asn Asn Ser Tyr Ile Gln Arg Ser Glu 655 660 665 CAT CCA CTT GCC CAG CTT TAC TGC CAT TCA ATC ATG GAA CAC CAT CAT 2066 His Pro Leu Ala Gln Leu Tyr Cys His Ser Ile Met Glu His His His 670 675 680 685 TTT GAC CAG TGC CTG ATG ATT CTT AAT AGT CCA GGC AAT CAG ATT CTC 2114 Phe Asp Gln Cys Leu Met Ile Leu Asn Ser Pro Gly Asn Gln Ile Leu 690 695 700 AGT GGC CTC TCC ATT GAA GAA TAT AAG ACC ACG TTG AAA ATA ATC AAG 2162 Ser Gly Leu Ser Ile Glu Glu Tyr Lys Thr Thr Leu Lys Ile Ile Lys 705 710 715 CAA GCT ATT TTA GCT ACA GAC CTA GCA CTG TAC ATT AAG AGG CGA GGA 2210 Gln Ala Ile Leu Ala Thr Asp Leu Ala Leu Tyr Ile Lys Arg Arg Gly 720 725 730 GAA TTT TTT GAA CTT ATA AGA AAA AAT CAA TTC AAT TTG GAA GAT CCT 2258 Glu Phe Phe Glu Leu Ile Arg Lys Asn Gln Phe Asn Leu Glu Asp Pro 735 740 745 CAT CAA AAG GAG TTG TTT TTG GCA ATG CTG ATG ACA GCT TGT GAT CTT 2306 His Gln Lys Glu Leu Phe Leu Ala Met Leu Met Thr Ala Cys Asp Leu 750 755 760 765 TCT GCA ATT ACA AAA CCC TGG CCT ATT CAA CAA CGG ATA GCA GAA CTT 2354 Ser Ala Ile Thr Lys Pro Trp Pro Ile Gln Gln Arg Ile Ala Glu Leu 770 775 780 GTA GCA ACT GAA TTT TTT GAT CAA GGA GAC AGA GAG AGA AAA GAA CTC 2402 Val Ala Thr Glu Phe Phe Asp Gln Gly Asp Arg Glu Arg Lys Glu Leu 785 790 795 AAC ATA GAA CCC ACT GAT CTA ATG AAC AGG GAG AAG AAA AAC AAA ATC 2450 Asn Ile Glu Pro Thr Asp Leu Met Asn Arg Glu Lys Lys Asn Lys Ile 800 805 810 CCA AGT ATG CAA GTT GGG TTC ATA GAT GCC ATC TGC TTG CAA CTG TAT 2498 Pro Ser Met Gln Val Gly Phe Ile Asp Ala Ile Cys Leu Gln Leu Tyr 815 820 825 GAG GCC CTG ACC CAC GTG TCA GAG GAC TGT TTC CCT TTG CTA GAT GGC 2546 Glu Ala Leu Thr His Val Ser Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Leu Leu Asp Gly 830 835 840 845 TGC AGA AAG AAC AGG CAG AAA TGG CAG GCC CTT GCA GAA CAG CAG GAG 2594 Cys Arg Lys Asn Arg Gln Lys Trp Gln Ala Leu Ala Glu Gln Gln Glu 850 855 860 AAG ATG CTG ATT AAT GGG GAA AGC GGC CAG GCC AAG CGG AAC 2636 Lys Met Leu Ile Asn Gly Glu Ser Gly Gln Ala Lys Arg Asn 865 870 875 TGACTCGAG 2645 875 amino acids amino acid linear protein 23 Met Glu Arg Ala Gly Pro Ser Phe Gly Gln Gln Arg Gln Gln Gln Gln 1 5 10 15 Pro Gln Gln Gln Lys Gln Gln Gln Arg Asp Gln Asp Ser Val Glu Ala 20 25 30 Trp Leu Asp Asp His Trp Asp Phe Thr Phe Ser Tyr Phe Val Arg Lys 35 40 45 Ala Thr Arg Glu Met Val Asn Ala Trp Phe Ala Glu Arg Val His Thr 50 55 60 Ile Pro Val Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile Arg Gly His Thr Glu Ser Cys Ser 65 70 75 80 Cys Pro Leu Gln Gln Ser Pro Arg Ala Asp Asn Ser Val Pro Gly Thr 85 90 95 Pro Thr Arg Lys Ile Ser Ala Ser Glu Phe Asp Arg Pro Leu Arg Pro 100 105 110 Ile Val Val Lys Asp Ser Glu Gly Thr Val Ser Phe Leu Ser Asp Ser 115 120 125 Glu Lys Lys Glu Gln Met Pro Leu Thr Pro Pro Arg Phe Asp His Asp 130 135 140 Glu Gly Asp Gln Cys Ser Arg Leu Leu Glu Leu Val Lys Asp Ile Ser 145 150 155 160 Ser His Leu Asp Val Thr Ala Leu Cys His Lys Ile Phe Leu His Ile 165 170 175 His Gly Leu Ile Ser Ala Asp Arg Tyr Ser Leu Phe Leu Val Cys Glu 180 185 190 Asp Ser Ser Asn Asp Lys Phe Leu Ile Ser Arg Leu Phe Asp Val Ala 195 200 205 Glu Gly Ser Thr Leu Glu Glu Val Ser Asn Asn Cys Ile Arg Leu Glu 210 215 220 Trp Asn Lys Gly Ile Val Gly His Val Ala Ala Leu Gly Glu Pro Leu 225 230 235 240 Asn Ile Lys Asp Ala Tyr Glu Asp Pro Arg Phe Asn Ala Glu Val Asp 245 250 255 Gln Ile Thr Gly Tyr Lys Thr Gln Ser Ile Leu Cys Met Pro Ile Lys 260 265 270 Asn His Arg Glu Glu Val Val Gly Val Ala Gln Ala Ile Asn Lys Lys 275 280 285 Ser Gly Asn Gly Gly Thr Phe Thr Glu Lys Asp Glu Lys Asp Phe Ala 290 295 300 Ala Tyr Leu Ala Phe Cys Gly Ile Val Leu His Asn Ala Gln Leu Tyr 305 310 315 320 Glu Thr Ser Leu Leu Glu Asn Lys Arg Asn Gln Val Leu Leu Asp Leu 325 330 335 Ala Ser Leu Ile Phe Glu Glu Gln Gln Ser Leu Glu Val Ile Leu Lys 340 345 350 Lys Ile Ala Ala Thr Ile Ile Ser Phe Met Gln Val Gln Lys Cys Thr 355 360 365 Ile Phe Ile Val Asp Glu Asp Cys Ser Asp Ser Phe Ser Ser Val Phe 370 375 380 His Met Glu Cys Glu Glu Leu Glu Lys Ser Ser Asp Thr Leu Thr Arg 385 390 395 400 Glu His Asp Ala Asn Lys Ile Asn Tyr Met Tyr Ala Gln Tyr Val Lys 405 410 415 Asn Thr Met Glu Pro Leu Asn Ile Pro Asp Val Ser Lys Asp Lys Arg 420 425 430 Phe Pro Trp Thr Thr Glu Asn Thr Gly Asn Val Asn Gln Gln Cys Ile 435 440 445 Arg Ser Leu Leu Cys Thr Pro Ile Lys Asn Gly Lys Lys Asn Lys Val 450 455 460 Ile Gly Val Cys Gln Leu Val Asn Lys Met Glu Glu Asn Thr Gly Lys 465 470 475 480 Val Lys Pro Phe Asn Arg Asn Asp Glu Gln Phe Leu Glu Ala Phe Val 485 490 495 Ile Phe Cys Gly Leu Gly Ile Gln Asn Thr Gln Met Tyr Glu Ala Val 500 505 510 Glu Arg Ala Met Ala Lys Gln Met Val Thr Leu Glu Val Leu Ser Tyr 515 520 525 His Ala Ser Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Thr Arg Glu Leu Gln Ser Leu Ala 530 535 540 Ala Ala Val Val Pro Ser Ala Gln Thr Leu Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe Ser 545 550 555 560 Phe Ser Asp Phe Glu Leu Ser Asp Leu Glu Thr Ala Leu Cys Thr Ile 565 570 575 Arg Met Phe Thr Asp Leu Asn Leu Val Gln Asn Phe Gln Met Lys His 580 585 590 Glu Val Leu Cys Arg Trp Ile Leu Ser Val Lys Lys Asn Tyr Arg Lys 595 600 605 Asn Val Ala Tyr His Asn Trp Arg His Ala Phe Asn Thr Ala Gln Cys 610 615 620 Met Phe Ala Ala Leu Lys Ala Gly Lys Ile Gln Asn Lys Leu Thr Asp 625 630 635 640 Leu Glu Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Ile Ala Ala Leu Ser His Asp Leu Asp 645 650 655 His Arg Gly Val Asn Asn Ser Tyr Ile Gln Arg Ser Glu His Pro Leu 660 665 670 Ala Gln Leu Tyr Cys His Ser Ile Met Glu His His His Phe Asp Gln 675 680 685 Cys Leu Met Ile Leu Asn Ser Pro Gly Asn Gln Ile Leu Ser Gly Leu 690 695 700 Ser Ile Glu Glu Tyr Lys Thr Thr Leu Lys Ile Ile Lys Gln Ala Ile 705 710 715 720 Leu Ala Thr Asp Leu Ala Leu Tyr Ile Lys Arg Arg Gly Glu Phe Phe 725 730 735 Glu Leu Ile Arg Lys Asn Gln Phe Asn Leu Glu Asp Pro His Gln Lys 740 745 750 Glu Leu Phe Leu Ala Met Leu Met Thr Ala Cys Asp Leu Ser Ala Ile 755 760 765 Thr Lys Pro Trp Pro Ile Gln Gln Arg Ile Ala Glu Leu Val Ala Thr 770 775 780 Glu Phe Phe Asp Gln Gly Asp Arg Glu Arg Lys Glu Leu Asn Ile Glu 785 790 795 800 Pro Thr Asp Leu Met Asn Arg Glu Lys Lys Asn Lys Ile Pro Ser Met 805 810 815 Gln Val Gly Phe Ile Asp Ala Ile Cys Leu Gln Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu 820 825 830 Thr His Val Ser Glu Asp Cys Phe Pro Leu Leu Asp Gly Cys Arg Lys 835 840 845 Asn Arg Gln Lys Trp Gln Ala Leu Ala Glu Gln Gln Glu Lys Met Leu 850 855 860 Ile Asn Gly Glu Ser Gly Gln Ala Lys Arg Asn 865 870 875 

1. A purified and isolated polynucleotide encoding cGB-PDE.
 2. The polynucleotide of claim 1 which is a DNA sequence.
 3. The DNA sequence of claim 2 which is a cDNA sequence or a biological replica thereof.
 4. The DNA sequence of claim 2 which is a genomic DNA sequence or a biological replica thereof.
 5. An RNA transcript of the genomic DNA sequence of claim
 4. 6. The DNA sequence of claim 2 which is a wholly or partially chemically synthesized DNA sequence or a biological replica thereof.
 7. The DNA sequence of claim 4 further comprising an endogenous expression control DNA sequence.
 8. A DNA vector comprising a DNA sequence according to claim
 2. 9. The vector of claim 8 wherein said DNA sequence is operatively linked to an expression control DNA sequence.
 10. A host cell stably transformed or transfected with a DNA sequence according to claim 7 in a manner allowing the expression in said host cell of cGB-PDE polypeptide possessing a ligand/receptor binding biological activity or immunological property specific to cGB-PDE.
 11. A method for producing cGB-PDE polypeptide, said method comprising growing a host cell according to claim 10 in a suitable nutrient medium and isolating cGB-PDE polypeptide from said cell or the medium of its growth.
 12. A polypeptide or peptide capable of specifically binding to cGB-PDE.
 13. An antibody substance according to claim
 12. 14. A monoclonal antibody according to claim
 13. 15. A hybridoma cell line producing a monoclonal antibody according to claim
 14. 16. A humanized antibody substance according to claim
 13. 17. An antisense polynucleotide specific for a polynucleotide encoding cGB-PDE.
 18. A DNA sequence encoding cGB-PDE and selected from the group consisting of: (a) the DNA sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 9 or 22; (b) a DNA which hybridizes under stringent conditions to the DNA of (a); and (c) a DNA sequence which, but for the redundancy of the genetic code, would hybridize under stringent conditions to a DNA sequence of (a) or (b). 